Amasahani yo hejuru ya Granite vs. Ibyuma bishongeshejwe: Guhitamo urubuga rukwiye rujyanye n'ibyo ukeneye mu gupima

Mu rwego rwo gukora ibintu neza no kugenzura ubuziranenge, guhitamo plaque y'ubuso ni icyemezo cy'ibanze bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buziranenge, kwizerwa no kunoza ibikorwa bya metrology. Ubu butaka burambuye bukora neza nk'uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kugenzura, imiterere, no gupima, bigatuma imiterere y'ibikoresho byabwo iba ikintu cy'ingenzi. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, impaka hagati y'plaque y'ubuso ya granite n'icyuma cyashongeshejwe yabaye ingenzi ku bahanga mu gupima, buri gikoresho kigaragaza ibyiza n'ibyifuzo bitandukanye. Gusobanukirwa imiterere y'ibi byombi ni ingenzi mu guhitamo urubuga rwiza rujyanye n'ibisabwa byihariye mu mikorere n'inyungu z'igihe kirekire ku ishoramari.

Amasahani y’icyuma akozwe mu cyuma afite amateka maremare kandi akomeye mu gupima, mbere yuko granite ikoreshwa cyane. Imiterere yayo ikomeye n’imiterere yayo yihariye byatumye iba ingenzi mu nganda nyinshi, cyane cyane aho gukoresha imbaraga nyinshi no gusana ari ingenzi.

Imwe mu mbaraga z'ingenzi z'icyuma gishongeshejwe ni imbaraga zacyo zikomeye mu byuma bishongeshejwe no kudakora neza. Bitandukanye na granite, ishobora gushwanyagurika cyangwa gusenyuka iyo yagonzwe cyane, icyuma gishongeshejwe kiraramba cyane kandi gishobora kwihanganira imbaraga zikomeye mu byuma bishongeshejwe. Ibi bituma amasahani y'icyuma ashongeshejwe aba meza cyane mu bidukikije aho ibice biremereye bikunze gukoreshwa, cyangwa aho hari ibyago byinshi byo kugwa cyangwa kugwa ku bw'impanuka. Ubukomere bwayo butuma isahani ishobora kwihanganira ubukana bw'ubutaka bukora neza idahungabanyije imiterere yayo.

Ibyuma byoroshye cyane kubikora kurusha granite, bigatuma ibintu bitandukanye bihuzwa neza mu buryo bworoshye. Ibi birimo imiyoboro ya T, imyobo ifite imigozi, n'uburyo bwo gufunga, ari ingenzi mu gufata ibikoresho n'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo kugenzura cyangwa guteranya. Uku guhinduka kw'imiterere y'ibice by'icyuma byoroshye gutuma ibyuma byoroshye kubikora mu buryo busaba kuvugururwa kenshi cyangwa gukoresha ibikoresho byihariye. Byongeye kandi, ubushobozi bwo gukora imashini butuma habaho uburyo bwo guhindura ibintu neza kugira ngo buhuze n'ibyo ukeneye mu mikorere, butanga urwego rworoshye rworoshye kubona aho granite idashobora guhurira nabyo.

Akamaro gakomeye k'ibipande by'icyuma gishongeshejwe ni uko bishobora gusanwa. Uko igihe kigenda gihita, ndetse n'ibipande bikomeye cyane bishobora kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika. Iyo icyuma gishongeshejwe cyashaje cyangwa ubugari bwacyo bugasenyuka, akenshi gishobora kongera gusimburwa cyangwa gusimburwa n'abatekinisiye b'abahanga kugira ngo gisubize ubuziranenge bwacyo bwa mbere. Ubu bushobozi bwo kuvugururwa bwongera igihe kirekire cy'icyuma gishongeshejwe, bigatuma kiba amahitamo arambye kandi ahendutse mu gihe kirekire, cyane cyane ku bikoresho binini kandi bihenze cyane. Uku gusana gutandukanye na granite, iyo imaze kwangirika cyane cyangwa yasaze birenze urugero, akenshi ikenera gusimburwa.

Ibyuma bishongeshejwe bifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bwinshi ugereranije na granite. Nubwo ibi bishobora kuba ikibazo mu bijyanye no kudahindagurika k'ubushyuhe (nk'uko byavuzwe nyuma), bishobora no kuba ingirakamaro mu bihe bimwe na bimwe aho ubushyuhe bwihuta ku isahani bwifuzwa, cyangwa aho isahani igomba gukuraho ubushyuhe bukomoka ku gikoresho cyangwa ibidukikije vuba.

Amasahani yo hejuru ya granite yamenyekanye cyane mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, mu ntangiriro yasimburaga icyuma, ariko yahise agaragaza ko ari meza cyane mu gupima. Muri iki gihe, ni yo akoreshwa mu nganda mu gukoresha neza cyane, akundwa cyane kubera imiterere yayo bwite ituma ibipimo bigabanuka.

Ikintu gizwi cyane muri metrology ni ugukomera kwayo mu buryo butangaje, ahanini bitewe n’uko ifite ubushobozi buke cyane bwo kwaguka k’ubushyuhe (CTE). CTE ya Granite ni kimwe cya gatatu cy’icyuma gishongeshejwe (urugero, 4.6 x 10⁻⁶/°C kuri granite ugereranyije na 11 x 10⁻⁶/°C kuri metari). Ibi bivuze ko amasahani ya granite adakunze kwaguka no guhindagurika k’ubushyuhe bitewe n’ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe. Mu ma laboratwari agenzura ubushyuhe, iyi miterere ishimangira ko ubuso bw’aho bugarukira buguma buringaniye kandi butunganye, bigabanyiriza amakosa y’ubushyuhe ashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku gupima. Uku gukomera kw’ubushyuhe ni inkingi ikomeye y’ibipimo by’ubuziranenge, bitanga amakuru yizewe ndetse no mu mpinduka nto z’ibidukikije.

Ibipimo by'ubuhanga bikunze kwibasirwa cyane n'imitingito, bishobora gutera urusaku no kudahindagurika mu gupima. Granite ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kudatera imitingito bitewe n'imiterere yayo ikomeye kandi ikoze mu buryo bwa kristu. Ifata neza kandi igakuraho imitingito ya mashini, bigatuma habaho

Ahantu hatuje ku bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga. Mu buryo bunyuranye, icyuma gishongeshejwe gikunda 'gucuranga' cyangwa kunyeganyega cyane, akenshi bigasaba izindi nyubako zihariye zo gupima kugira ngo hakoreshwe mu buryo bwo hejuru. Ubu bushobozi buhanitse bwo gupima granite ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo hagerwe ku bipimo bisubirwamo kandi nyabyo, cyane cyane iyo ukoresha ibikoresho byoroshye cyangwa ukoresha ibipimo ku rwego rwa sub-micron.

Granite irakomeye cyane kurusha icyuma gishongeshejwe, ubusanzwe ikaba ifite ubukana bwa Mohs buri hagati ya 6 na 7. Ubu bukana bukomeye butuma habaho ubukana budasanzwe bwo kwangirika, bigatuma amasahani ya granite adashanguka cyangwa ngo ashishuke bitewe n'ibice binyerera ku buso bwabyo. Iyo icyuma gishongeshejwe neza gishobora kugumana ubuziranenge bwacyo mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, bigatuma kiramba igihe kirekire. Byongeye kandi, granite ntabwo ifite imyenge, ntabwo ikoresha rukuruzi, kandi ntikoresha imiti. Ibi bivuze ko idakunze kwangirika no kwangirika biva mu mavuta, ibintu bikonjesha, cyangwa ubushuhe, bigatuma idakenera kwitabwaho buri gihe nko gusiga amavuta nk'uko icyuma gishongeshejwe gikenera. Imiterere yayo idakoresha rukuruzi nayo ni ingirakamaro mu kugenzura ibice mu by'ikoranabuhanga cyangwa iby'ikirere, aho ingaruka mbi za rukuruzi zishobora kuba ikibazo.

Ibisabwa ku kubungabunga amasafuriya y'ubuso bwa granite biri hasi cyane. Guhanagura byoroshye hakoreshejwe isuku yihariye ni byo byonyine bikenewe kugira ngo ubuso bukomeze kuba bwiza. Kuba nta ngese n'ubudahangarwa bw'ibikoresho bivuze ko amasafuriya y'ubuso adahindagurika uko igihe kigenda gihita bitewe no kugabanya stress imbere mu mazu, bitandukanye n'icyuma gishongeshejwe gishobora gusaba kongera gusimburwa cyangwa kongera gusimburwa buri gihe kugira ngo hakosorwe ikosa. Iki gice cyo kudasana neza bigira uruhare runini mu gutuma amasafuriya y'ubuso bwa granite ahendutse mu gihe kirekire.

Kugira ngo ufate icyemezo gishingiye ku makuru, ni ngombwa kugereranya amasafuriya y'ubuso bwa granite n'icyuma gikozwe mu byuma mu buryo butandukanye bw'ingenzi bwo gupima no gukora.

Icyemezo hagati y’ibisate by’ubuso bya granite n’iby’icyuma gishongeshejwe gishingiye ku bisabwa byihariye mu ikoreshwa, aho imikorere ibera, n’intego z’igihe kirekire z’inganda zikora cyangwa zipima.

Amasahani yo hejuru ya granite ni amahitamo adashidikanywaho ku bikorwa bisaba urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubuziranenge n'ubudahangarwa. Ibi birimo:

•Laboratwari zo gupima neza cyane: Ibidukikije bifite uburyo buhamye bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe aho gukoresha neza ingufu za mikorobe ari byo by'ingenzi, nko muri laboratwari zo gupima, CMM bases, n'ibikoresho byo kugenzura imiterere y'amatara.

•Inganda z'Ibyuma by'Ubwongereza n'Iby'Ijuru: Aho imiterere idakoresha ingufu za rukuruzi ari ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu cyangwa ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byangirika.

•Ibisabwa mu gihe kirekire cyo guhagarara: Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa aho icyuma cyo hejuru kigomba kugumana ubuziranenge bwacyo mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo nta ngaruka nyinshi kirimo.

•Ibidukikije byo mu cyumba cy'isuku: Aho ingese n'udukoko duto bituruka ku buso bw'icyuma bidakwiye.

Ishoramari rinini rya mbere muri granite rikunze kwemezwa n’ikiguzi cyayo cyo kuyibungabunga hafi ya zeru, kudahinduka mu buryo budasanzwe, no kuramba kwayo, bigatuma irushaho kugira inyungu ishoboka mu gukoresha neza kandi mu gihe kirekire.

Nubwo granite yazamutse, ibyuma bikozwe mu cyuma bigumana agaciro kabyo mu nganda runaka, cyane cyane aho gukomera no kwihuza n'ibindi bikorwa ari byo bishyirwa imbere kuruta ubwiza bukabije.

•Ibidukikije by’inganda biremereye: Ku bijyanye n’ibikoresho biremereye, gufunga kenshi, cyangwa ibyago byinshi byo kugira ingaruka, nko mu nganda zikora imashini ziremereye cyangwa ibikorwa binini byo guteranya.

•Inzu zikora neza: Aho ubushobozi bwo guhuza imiyoboro ya T n'imyobo ifite imigozi kugira ngo ikoreshwe kandi ivugururwe kenshi ni ngombwa.

•Ikoreshwa ry’ingengo y’imari: Iyo ikiguzi cya mbere ari ikintu gikomeye, kandi ubwiza bukenewe bushobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe isahani y’icyuma icuzwe neza.

•Ibikenewe mu gusana: Ku bigo bikunda kongera gusya no kuvugurura ibyuma byabyo kugira ngo byongere igihe cyo kubikoresha, aho kubisimbuza.

Kuba icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gishyushye ari gito, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ingaruka zacyo, ndetse n’uburyo bwo gukoresha ibikoresho mu buryo butandukanye bituma kiba ikintu cy’ingirakamaro. Gusana kwacyo kandi bigira uruhare mu gutuma habaho inyungu nini mu gihe kirekire mu bihe bigoye aho rimwe na rimwe biba byitezwe ko cyangirika.

Amasafuriya y’ubuso bwa granite n’ay’icyuma gishongeshejwe ni ibikoresho by’ingenzi mu isi ya metrology, buri kimwe gitanga ibyiza byihariye. Granite, ifite ubushobozi bwo kudahindagurika cyane, ubushyuhe buke, kudahindagurika neza kw’imitingito, no kudakoresha imiti, ni yo mahitamo meza cyane mu gukoresha neza cyane. Itanga urufatiro ruhamye, rudakomeza kubungabunga rutuma ibipimo by’ingenzi bipimwa neza mu gihe kirekire. Ku rundi ruhande, icyuma gishongeshejwe, gifite imbaraga zikomeye za mekanike, ubushobozi bwo gukora, no gusana, gikomeje kuba ingirakamaro ku nganda zikomeye aho ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye no kudakora neza ari ingenzi.

Umwanzuro wa nyuma hagati y'ibi bintu bibiri si uwo kuba kimwe mu bisanzwe

kurusha ikindi, ahubwo ni ukureba guhuza imiterere y'ibikoresho n'ibikenewe byihariye n'imikorere y'akazi ko gupima. Mu gusuzuma neza ibintu nk'ubuhanga bukenewe, imiterere y'ibidukikije, ubushobozi bwo kubungabunga, n'ingengo y'imari, abakora bashobora guhitamo neza urubuga rukwiye kugira ngo barusheho kunoza inzira zabo zo kugenzura ubuziranenge no kugera ku ntego zabo zo gupima.