Uburyo bwo gukora imashini itunganya neza ni uburyo bwo gukuraho ibikoresho mu gikoresho mu gihe cyo gufata neza ibikoresho. Iyi mashini ifite ubwoko bwinshi, harimo gusya, guhindukira no gukoresha amashanyarazi. Muri iki gihe, imashini itunganya neza igenzurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa mudasobwa bukoresha imibare (CNC).
Ibikoresho hafi ya byose by'icyuma bikoresha uburyo bwo guhinga neza, kimwe n'ibindi bikoresho byinshi nka pulasitiki n'ibiti. Izi mashini zikoreshwa n'abahanga mu by'ubwubatsi kandi babihuguriwe. Kugira ngo igikoresho cyo gukata gikore akazi kacyo, kigomba kwimurwa mu byerekezo byagenwe kugira ngo gicibwe neza. Uku kugenda kw'ibanze kwitwa "umuvuduko wo gukata." Igice cy'akazi gishobora kandi kwimurwa, kizwi nka "uburyo bwa kabiri bwo gukamura". Hamwe, uku kugenda n'ubukana bw'igikoresho cyo gukata bituma imashini ikora neza.
Gutunganya neza bisaba ubushobozi bwo gukurikiza igishushanyo mbonera cyihariye cyakozwe na CAD (igishushanyo mbonera gifashijwe na mudasobwa) cyangwa porogaramu za CAM (ibikoresho bifashijwe na mudasobwa) nka AutoCAD na TurboCAD. Porogaramu ishobora gufasha gukora ibishushanyo mbonera bigoye, bifite imiterere itatu cyangwa imiterere ikenewe kugira ngo ikore igikoresho, imashini cyangwa ikintu. Ibi bishushanyo mbonera bigomba kubahirizwa mu buryo burambuye kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bigumane ubuziranenge bwabyo. Nubwo amasosiyete menshi akora igishushanyo mbonera akorana na porogaramu zimwe na zimwe za CAD / CAM, aracyakora kenshi n'ibishushanyo mbonera byashushanyijwe n'intoki mu byiciro bya mbere by'igishushanyo mbonera.
Gutunganya neza bikoreshwa ku bikoresho bitandukanye birimo icyuma, umuringa, grafiti, ikirahure na pulasitiki, ni ukuvuga bike. Bitewe n'ingano y'umushinga n'ibikoresho bizakoreshwa, hazakoreshwa ibikoresho bitandukanye byo gutunganya neza. Uruvange urwo arirwo rwose rw'imashini zisya, imashini zisya, imashini zicukura, imashini zisya n'izisya, ndetse na roboti zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi rushobora gukoreshwa. Inganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu kirere zishobora gukoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya cyane, mu gihe inganda zikora ibikoresho by'ibiti zishobora gukoresha uburyo bwo gushushanya no gusya hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Gutunganya neza, cyangwa ingano runaka y'ikintu runaka, bishobora kuba ibihumbi, cyangwa bikaba bike gusa. Gutunganya neza akenshi bisaba porogaramu y'ibikoresho bya CNC bivuze ko bigenzurwa na mudasobwa mu mibare. Igikoresho cya CNC cyemerera ingano nyayo gukurikizwa mu gihe cyose ibicuruzwa bikorerwa.
Gusya ni uburyo bwo gukora imashini zizunguruka zikoresha utumashini duto kugira ngo dukure ibikoresho mu mashini ikora, binyuze mu gutera (cyangwa kugaburira) icyuma gikata mu mashini mu cyerekezo runaka. Igikoresho gikata gishobora kandi gufatwa ku nguni ugereranije n'umurongo w'igikoresho. Gusya bikubiyemo ibikorwa bitandukanye n'imashini, kuva ku bice bito kugeza ku binini, biremereye byo gusya. Ni imwe mu nzira zikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya ibice byihariye kugeza ku buryo bunoze.
Gusya bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byinshi by'imashini. Ubwoko bw'umwimerere bw'ibikoresho by'imashini byo gusya bwari imashini isya (ikunze kwitwa urusyo). Nyuma yo kuboneka kwa mudasobwa igenzura imibare (CNC), imashini zisya zahindutse ahantu ho gusya: imashini zisya zongereweho ibikoresho byikora, ibinyamakuru by'ibikoresho cyangwa carousels, ubushobozi bwa CNC, sisitemu zo gukonjesha, n'ibice bifunga. Ahantu ho gusya muri rusange hashyirwa mu byiciro by'ahantu ho gusya hahagaze (VMCs) cyangwa ahantu ho gusya hahagaze (HMCs).
Guhuza ibyuma mu buryo bwo gusya, ndetse no mu buryo bunyuranye, byatangiye no gukoresha ibikoresho bifatika mu gusya no gukoresha rimwe na rimwe ibyuma mu bikorwa byo gusya. Ibi byatumye habaho ubwoko bushya bw'ibikoresho by'imashini, imashini zikora imirimo myinshi (MTM), zubatswe hagamijwe koroshya gusya no gusya mu buryo bumwe.
Ku bahanga mu by’ubwubatsi, amakipe y’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere, n’abakora ibikoresho bishingiye ku gushakisha ibice, gukoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya neza CNC bituma habaho ibice bigoye nta gutunganya by’inyongera. Mu by’ukuri, gukoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya neza CNC akenshi bituma ibice birangira bikorwa ku mashini imwe.
Uburyo bwo gukora imashini bukuraho ibikoresho kandi bugakoresha ibikoresho byinshi byo gukata kugira ngo hakorwe igishushanyo cya nyuma, kandi akenshi kigoye cyane, cy'igice. Urwego rw'ubuhanga rurarushaho kwiyongera binyuze mu gukoresha uburyo bwa mudasobwa bwo kugenzura imibare (CNC), bukoreshwa mu gukora igenzura ry'ibikoresho byo gukora imashini.
Uruhare rwa "CNC" mu gutunganya neza
Hakoreshejwe amabwiriza ya porogaramu yanditswe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, gutunganya neza CNC bituma igikoresho gicibwa kandi kigashushanywa hakurikijwe amabwiriza nta n'ukoresha imashini abikoresha.
Ikoresheje icyitegererezo cy’igishushanyo mbonera cya mudasobwa (CAD) gitangwa n’umukiriya, umuhanga mu by’ubwubatsi akoresha porogaramu ifasha mu gukora porogaramu (CAM) kugira ngo akore amabwiriza yo gutunganya igice. Hashingiwe kuri icyitegererezo cya CAD, porogaramu igena inzira z’ibikoresho zikenewe kandi igatanga kode ya porogaramu ibwira imashini:
■ Ni iyihe mibare ikwiye ya RPM n'ibiciro by'ibiryo
■ Igihe n'aho ugomba kwimura igikoresho cyangwa igikoresho cyo gukora
■ Uburyo bwo gukata bujya kure cyane
■ Igihe cyo gushyiramo icyuma gikonjesha
■ Ibindi bintu byose bijyanye n'umuvuduko, umuvuduko w'ibiryo, n'imikoranire
Hanyuma umugenzuzi wa CNC akoresha kode ya porogaramu kugira ngo agenzure, akoreshe, kandi akurikirane ingendo z'imashini.
Muri iki gihe, CNC ni igikoresho cyubatswemo ibikoresho bitandukanye, kuva kuri lathes, imashini zitunganya, na routers kugeza kuri EDM (imashini zitunganya amashanyarazi), imashini zikata laser, na plasma. Uretse gukora ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bwikora no kunoza imikorere y’imashini, CNC ikuraho imirimo ikorwa n’intoki kandi igaha abakora imashini uburenganzira bwo kugenzura imashini nyinshi zikora icyarimwe.
Byongeye kandi, iyo inzira y'ibikoresho imaze gutegurwa kandi imashini igashyirwa kuri porogaramu, ishobora gukoresha igice inshuro iyo ari yo yose. Ibi bitanga urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubuhanga n'ubushobozi bwo gusubiramo, ibyo bigatuma inzira ihenda cyane kandi ikanagurwa.
Ibikoresho bikozwe mu mashini
Bimwe mu byuma bikunze gukorerwamo imashini harimo aluminiyumu, umuringa, umuringa, umuringa, icyuma, titaniyumu na zinki. Byongeye kandi, ibiti, ifuro, fiberglass, na plastiki nka polypropylene nabyo bishobora gukorerwamo imashini.
Mu by’ukuri, hafi ya buri gikoresho cyose gishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bunoze bwo gutunganya CNC — birumvikana ko biterwa n’ikoreshwa ryayo n’ibyo isabwa.
Ibyiza bimwe na bimwe byo gukoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya neza CNC
Ku bice byinshi bito n'ibice bikoreshwa mu bintu bitandukanye byakozwe, gukoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya CNC neza ni bwo buryo bukunze gukoreshwa cyane.
Nkuko bimeze ku buryo bwose bwo gukata no gukora imashini, ibikoresho bitandukanye bikora bitandukanye, kandi ingano n'imiterere y'igice nabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye kuri icyo gikorwa. Ariko, muri rusange inzira yo gukora imashini ya CNC neza itanga inyungu kurusha ubundi buryo bwo gukora imashini.
Ibyo biterwa nuko imashini za CNC zishobora gutanga:
■ Uburyo buhanitse bwo gukurura ibice
■ Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bikomeye, ubusanzwe buri hagati ya ± 0.0002" (± 0.00508 mm) na ± 0.0005" (± 0.0127 mm)
■ Imitako yo ku buso iraryoshye cyane, harimo n'imitako yihariye
■ Gusubiramo, nubwo haba hari ingano nyinshi
Nubwo umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi ashobora gukoresha imashini ikoze mu ntoki kugira ngo akore igice cyiza mu ngano ya 10 cyangwa 100, bigenda bite iyo ukeneye ibice 1.000, ibice 10.000, ibice 100.000 cyangwa miliyoni?
Ukoresheje uburyo bwo gutunganya CNC neza, ushobora kubona uburyo bwo kwaguka n'umuvuduko ukenewe kuri ubu bwoko bw'umusaruro mwinshi. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo gusubiramo bwinshi bw'uburyo bwo gutunganya CNC neza buguha ibice bimwe kuva ku ntangiriro kugeza ku iherezo, uko ibice byose ubikora byaba bingana kose.
Hari uburyo bwihariye cyane bwo gukora imashini za CNC, harimo imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi zikoresha insinga (electrolyte discharge machining), imashini zikoreshwa mu kongeramo inyongera, n'imashini zikoresha laser ya 3D. Urugero, imashini zikoresha insinga zikoresha amashanyarazi zikoresha ibikoresho biyobora amashanyarazi - akenshi ibyuma - n'imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi kugira ngo zihindure imiterere y'ibikoresho mu buryo bugoye.
Ariko, hano tuzibanda ku buryo bwo gusya no guhindukira — uburyo bubiri bwo gukuramo ibintu buboneka cyane kandi bukoreshwa kenshi mu gutunganya neza CNC.
Gusya cyangwa guhindukira
Gusya ni uburyo bwo gusya bukoresha igikoresho cyo gukata kizunguruka, kizunguruka kugira ngo gikureho ibikoresho kandi kigire imiterere. Ibikoresho byo gusya, bizwi nka icyuma cyangwa ikigo cy’imashini, bikora isanzure ry’ibice by’ijimetero ku bintu bimwe na bimwe binini byakozwe mu byuma bikozwe mu mashini.
Ikintu cy'ingenzi kiranga gusya ni uko igikoresho gikomeza guhagarara mu gihe igikoresho gikata kizunguruka. Mu yandi magambo, ku ruganda, igikoresho gikata kizenguruka kizenguruka igikoresho gikora, gikomeza guhagarara ku buriri.
Guhindura ni inzira yo gukata cyangwa gushushanya igikoresho cy’akazi ku bikoresho byitwa lathe. Ubusanzwe, lathe izunguruka igikoresho cy’akazi ku murongo uhagaze cyangwa utambitse mu gihe igikoresho cyo gukata gihamye (gishobora kuba kizunguruka cyangwa kidazunguruka) kigenda ku murongo wateguwe.
Igikoresho ntigishobora kuzenguruka igice. Ibikoresho birazenguruka, bigatuma igikoresho gikora ibikorwa byateguwe. (Hari itsinda ry'ibikoresho aho ibikoresho bizenguruka insinga irimo spool, ariko, ntabwo bikubiye hano.)
Mu kuzunguruka, bitandukanye no gusya, igikoresho cyo gukora kirazunguruka. Igice cy'ikintu gizunguruka ku mashini yo gukata hanyuma igikoresho cyo gukata kigashyirwa ku mashini yo gukora.
Imitako yakozwe n'intoki ugereranije na CNC
Nubwo inganda n'imashini zikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki biboneka mu buryo bw'intoki, imashini za CNC zikwiriye cyane mu gukora ibice bito - zitanga ubushobozi bwo kwaguka no gusubiramo ibikoresho bisaba gukora ibice byinshi bito cyane.
Uretse gutanga imashini zoroshye zifite umurongo 2 aho igikoresho cyimukira mu migozi ya X na Z, ibikoresho bya CNC by’ubuhanga birimo ingero zifite umurongo ungana na wo aho igikoresho gishobora no kugenda. Ibi bitandukanye n’icyuma gikoresha imashini aho igikoresho kigarukira ku kuzunguruka gusa kandi ibikoresho bikagenda kugira ngo bikore imiterere ikenewe.
Izi genamiterere ry’imiterere myinshi ryemerera gukora imiterere y’ijimetero igoye cyane mu gikorwa kimwe, nta yandi mananiza asabwa n’umukoresha w’imashini. Ibi ntibyoroshya gusa gukora ibice bigoye, ahubwo binagabanya cyangwa bigakuraho amahirwe y’ikosa ry’umukoresha.
Byongeye kandi, gukoresha icyuma gikonjesha gifite umuvuduko mwinshi hamwe n’uburyo bwo gutunganya neza CNC bituma uduce duto tudakora neza, ndetse no mu gihe ukoresha imashini ifite umugozi ugororotse.
Ingufu za CNC
Imashini zitandukanye zisya ziratandukanye mu bunini bwazo, imiterere yazo, umuvuduko wazo mu gukata, icyerekezo cy’imashini zisya, n’ibindi biranga.
Ariko, muri rusange, inganda za CNC zose zikoresha umugozi uzenguruka kugira ngo zice ibikoresho bidakenewe. Zikoreshwa mu gukata ibyuma bikomeye nk'icyuma na titaniyumu ariko zishobora no gukoreshwa n'ibikoresho nka pulasitiki na aluminiyumu.
Imashini za CNC zubatswe kugira ngo zishobore gusubiramo kandi zishobora gukoreshwa mu bintu byose kuva ku gukora ibishushanyo mbonera kugeza ku gukora ibintu byinshi. Imashini za CNC zifite ubuhanga buhanitse zikunze gukoreshwa mu mirimo yo kwihanganira ibintu bikomeye nko gusya imashini nto n'ibimera.
Nubwo CNC milling ishobora gutanga impinduka zihuse, kurangiza imashini ikoresheje icyuma gisya ibice bifite ibimenyetso bigaragara by'ibikoresho. Ishobora kandi gutanga ibice bifite impande n'ibice bityaye, bityo hashobora kuba hakenewe izindi nzira niba impande n'ibice bidakwiye kuri ibyo bikoresho.
Birumvikana ko ibikoresho byo gukuraho ubushyuhe byashyizwe muri urwo rutonde bizakuraho ubushyuhe, nubwo akenshi bigera kuri 90% by'ibisabwa byose, bigasiga bimwe mu bikoresho byo kurangiza neza.
Ku bijyanye no kurangiza ubuso, hari ibikoresho bitazatanga gusa kurangiza ubuso kwemerwa, ahubwo bizanatanga irangi rimeze nk'indorerwamo ku bice by'umusaruro w'akazi.
Ubwoko bw'inganda za CNC
Ubwoko bubiri bw'ibanze bw'imashini zisya buzwi nka standing machining centers na standing machining centers, aho itandukaniro ry'ibanze riri mu cyerekezo cy'imashini.
Ikigo cy’imashini gihagaze ni urusyo aho umugozi w’imashini ugororotse uhuzwa mu cyerekezo cya Z. Izi mashini zihagaze zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri:
■Imashini zitunganya ibitanda, aho umugozi ugenda uteganye n'umurongo wawo mu gihe ameza agenda agororotse ku murongo w'umugozi
■Inganda zitunganya imigozi, aho umugozi uhagarara kandi ameza akimurwa ku buryo ahora agororotse kandi ajyanye n'umurongo w'umugozi mu gihe cyo gukata
Mu gice cy’imashini gikozwe mu buryo butambitse, umugozi w’urusyo uba ugororotse mu cyerekezo cya Y. Imiterere itambitse bivuze ko izi nganda zikunda gufata umwanya munini ku imashini zikora; muri rusange ziremereye kandi zifite imbaraga kurusha imashini zihagaze.
Uruganda rukora utwuma dutambitse rukunze gukoreshwa iyo hakenewe umusozo mwiza; ibyo biterwa nuko icyerekezo cy'urukuta bivuze ko uduce dukata duhinduka mu buryo busanzwe kandi tugakurwaho byoroshye. (Nk'inyungu yiyongereyeho, gukuraho uduce neza bifasha kongera igihe cyo gukoresha igikoresho.)
Muri rusange, ibigo bipima bihagaze bikunze kugaragara cyane kuko bishobora kugira imbaraga nk'ibigo bipima bihagaze kandi bigashobora gufata ibice bito cyane. Byongeye kandi, ibigo bihagaze bifite aho bihurira hato ugereranyije n'ibigo bipima bihagaze.
Imashini za CNC zifite imiterere myinshi
Ahantu ho gusya neza CNC haboneka ibikoresho byinshi. Uruganda rufite amashami atatu rukoresha amashami ya X, Y, na Z mu mirimo itandukanye. Hamwe n'uruganda rufite amashami ane, imashini ishobora kuzunguruka ku murongo uhagaze n'utambitse hanyuma ikamurika igikoresho kugira ngo ikomeze gukora.
Uruganda rufite imigozi itanu rufite imigozi itatu isanzwe hamwe n'imigozi ibiri y'inyongera izunguruka, bituma igikoresho gikoreshwa kizunguruka uko umutwe w'icyuma uzenguruka. Ibi bituma impande eshanu z'igikoresho gikoreshwa zikorwa nta gukuraho igikoresho ngo wongere ushyireho icyuma.
Imashini zikora utwuma twa CNC
Imashini ikora utwuma — kandi yitwa ikigo cyo kuzunguruka — ifite umugozi umwe cyangwa myinshi, hamwe n’imirongo ya X na Z. Iyi mashini ikoreshwa mu kuzunguruka icyuma gikorerwa ku murongo wayo kugira ngo ikore ibikorwa bitandukanye byo gukata no gushushanya, ikoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye ku kintu gikorerwamo.
Imashini zikora ibikoresho bya CNC, zitwa kandi imashini zikora ibikoresho bizima, ni nziza cyane mu gukora ibice by’umubumbe cyangwa uruziga. Kimwe n’inganda zikora ibikoresho bya CNC, imashini zikora ibikoresho bya CNC zishobora gukora ibikorwa bito nk’ibyo byo gushushanya ariko zishobora no gushyirwaho kugira ngo zishobore gusubirwamo cyane, zigafasha mu gukora ibikoresho byinshi.
Imashini zikora utwuma twa CNC zishobora kandi gushyirwaho kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu buryo budakoresha intoki, ibyo bigatuma zikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zikora imodoka, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, iby'indege, iby'amarobo, n'ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi.
Uburyo imashini ya CNC ikora
Ukoresheje lathe ya CNC, agace k'ibikoresho byo mu nzu gashyirwa mu gasanduku k'umugozi w'umugozi. Aka gasanduku gafata agakoresho ko gukora mu mwanya wako mu gihe umugozi uzenguruka. Iyo umugozi ugeze ku muvuduko ukenewe, igikoresho cyo gukata gishyirwa ku gasanduku kugira ngo gikureho ibikoresho kandi kigere ku gipimo gikwiye.
Imashini ya CNC ikora imirimo itandukanye, nko gucukura, gukurura, gutobora, gukurura, kureba no guhindura ibikoresho. Imirimo itandukanye isaba impinduka mu bikoresho kandi ishobora kongera ikiguzi n'igihe cyo kuyishyiraho.
Iyo ibikorwa byose bikenewe byo gukora imashini birangiye, igice gicibwa mu bubiko kugira ngo gikomeze gutunganywa, nibiba ngombwa. Icyo gihe, imashini ya CNC iba yiteguye gusubiramo igikorwa, nta gihe kinini cyo kuyishyiraho gisanzwe gisabwa hagati yabyo.
Imashini za CNC zishobora kandi kwakira ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho byikora ku migozi, bigabanya ingano y'ibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa n'intoki kandi bigatanga ibyiza nk'ibi bikurikira:
■ Kugabanya igihe n'imbaraga byasabwaga n'umukoresha w'imashini
■ Shyigikira agakoresho ko kugabanya imitingito ishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku buryo buboneye
■ Emera igikoresho cy'imashini gikore ku muvuduko mwiza wo kuzunguruka
■ Gabanya igihe cyo guhindura ibintu
■ Gabanya imyanda y'ibikoresho
Ubwoko bwa CNC lathes
Hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'imashini zikora imashini, ariko izikunze gukoreshwa cyane ni imashini zikora imashini zikora imashini zikoresha ...kora imashini zikoresha imashini zikora imashini zikora imashini zikoresha imashini zikora imashini zikora imashini zikora imashini zikora imashini zikora imashini zikora i
Imashini nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa CNC China zikoresha imashini imwe cyangwa ebyiri z’ingenzi hamwe n’imashini imwe cyangwa ebyiri z’inyuma (cyangwa iz’inyongera), hamwe n’imashini zizunguruka zishinzwe iya mbere. Imashini nyamukuru ikora akazi k’ibanze ko gutunganya, hifashishijwe icyuma gifata umurongo.
Byongeye kandi, zimwe mu nganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu Bushinwa zifite umutwe w’ibikoresho wa kabiri ukora nk’uruganda rwa CNC.
Hakoreshejwe lathe yikora mu buryo bwa CNC mu Bushinwa, ibikoresho byo mu bubiko binyuzwa mu mugozi ugenda unyura mu gikoresho gifata umurongo. Ibi bituma igikoresho gikata ibikoresho hafi y’aho ibikoresho bishyigikiwe, bigatuma imashini yo mu Bushinwa igira akamaro cyane ku bice birebire kandi bito bizungurutse no mu gukora mikoro.
Ibikoresho byo guhindurira CNC bifite umurongo munini hamwe n'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa China bishobora gukora imirimo myinshi yo gutunganya hakoreshejwe imashini imwe. Ibi bituma biba amahitamo meza ku giciro gito ku bijyanye n'imiterere y'imashini igoye, byasaba imashini nyinshi cyangwa impinduka z'ibikoresho hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nk'uruganda rusanzwe rwa CNC.