Granite ya Epoxy, izwi kandi nka granite y’ubukorikori, ni uruvange rwa epoxy na granite ikunze gukoreshwa nk'igikoresho gisimbura ibikoresho by'imashini. Granite ya Epoxy ikoreshwa mu mwanya w'icyuma gishongeshejwe n'icyuma kugira ngo ikomeze kunyuranamo neza, irambe igihe kirekire, kandi igabanuke ikiguzi cyo guteranya.
Ishingiro ry'ibikoresho by'imashini
Ibikoresho by'imashini n'izindi mashini zikora neza cyane zishingiye ku gukomera cyane, kudahindagurika igihe kirekire, ndetse n'imiterere myiza y'ibikoresho by'ibanze kugira ngo bikore neza kandi bihamye. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane muri izi nyubako ni icyuma gishongeshejwe, ibyuma bishongeshejwe, na granite karemano. Bitewe n'uko nta kudahindagurika igihe kirekire kandi nta miterere mibi yo kudahindagurika, inyubako zikozwe mu byuma zikoreshwa gake aho bikenewe ko zikora neza cyane. Icyuma gishongeshejwe cyiza kandi gifasha mu kugabanya umuvuduko no gushongeshwa bizatanga imiterere ihamye, kandi gishobora gushongeshwa mu buryo bugoye, ariko gikeneye uburyo buhenze bwo gukora kugira ngo habeho ubuso buhamye nyuma yo gushongeshwa.
Granite nziza karemano iragenda irushaho kugorana kuyibona, ariko ifite ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura amazi kurusha icyuma gishongeshejwe. Nk’uko bimeze ku cyuma gishongeshejwe, gukora granite karemano bisaba akazi kenshi kandi birahenze.
Ibyuma bya granite bikozwe neza bivangwa n'ibice bya granite (bisya, bikagezwa, bikanumishwa) hamwe na sisitemu ya epoxy resin ku bushyuhe bw'ikirere (ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo gukaraba bukonje). Ibyuma bya Quartz bishobora no gukoreshwa muri ibyo birungo. Gukomera mu gihe cyo gushushanya bihuza neza ibice.
Udukoresho tw’insinga, ibyuma, n’imiyoboro ikonjesha bishobora gushyirwamo mu gihe cyo gucukura. Kugira ngo bigere ku rwego rwo hejuru rwo gucukura, imirongo y’inzira, inzira zo gusimbuka hasi n’imiyoboro ya moteri bishobora gukopwa cyangwa bigashyirwamo umugozi, bityo bigatuma hatabaho gukenera gukoresha imashini iyo ari yo yose nyuma yo gucukura. Irangi ry’ubuso bw’icukura riba ryiza nk’ubuso bw’ibumba.
Ibyiza n'ibibi byabyo
Ibyiza birimo:
■ Kugabanya umuvuduko w'amazi.
■ Koroherana: inzira zihariye, ibigega by'amazi ya hydraulic, ibikoresho byo gushyiramo imigozi, amazi yo gukata, n'imiyoboro y'amazi byose bishobora gushyirwa mu gice cy'ibanze cya polymer.
■ Gushyiramo ibikoresho byo gucukura n'ibindi bituma imashini icukura neza igabanuka cyane.
■ Igihe cyo guteranya kigabanuka iyo ushyize ibice byinshi mu gucukura kimwe.
■ Ntibisaba ubugari bw'urukuta bumwe, bigatuma imiterere y'ishingiro ryawe irushaho kuba myiza.
■ Ubudahangarwa bw'imiti ku bintu byinshi bikunze kugaragara nk'ibinyabutabire, aside, alkali, n'amazi asanzwe akoreshwa mu gukata.
■ Ntibisaba gusiga irangi.
■Ibigize ibintu bifite ubucucike bungana na aluminiyumu (ariko ibice birabyibushye kugira ngo bigere ku bunini bungana).
■ Uburyo bwo gucukura beto ya polimeri ivanze bukoresha ingufu nke cyane ugereranije n'uburyo bwo gucukura ibyuma. Imashini zicukura za polimeri zikoresha ingufu nke cyane mu gukora, kandi uburyo bwo gucukura bukorwa ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba.
Ibikoresho bya granite ya epoxy bifite ubushobozi bwo guhumeka imbere mu byuma byikubye inshuro icumi, granite karemano yikubye gatatu, kandi bikubye inshuro mirongo itatu imiterere y'icyuma. Ntibiterwa n'ibikoresho bikonjesha, bifite ubushobozi bwo kugumana ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe buhamye, gukomera cyane, urusaku rwinshi, n'imihangayiko y'imbere itagira ingano.
Imbogamizi zirimo imbaraga nke mu bice bito (biri munsi ya 1 inches (25 mm)), imbaraga nke zo gukurura, no kudakomera cyane.
Intangiriro ku bijyanye n'amashusho y'amabuye y'agaciro
Gucukura amabuye y'agaciro ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'ubwubatsi bigezweho kandi bikora neza cyane. Abakora imashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga bari mu batangije ikoreshwa ry'imashini zicukura amabuye y'agaciro. Muri iki gihe, ikoreshwa ryayo ku bijyanye n'imashini zisya za CNC, imashini zicukura, imashini zisya n'imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi riri kwiyongera, kandi ibyiza byayo ntibigarukira gusa ku mashini zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi.
Guca amabuye y'agaciro, kandi byitwa epoxy granite material, bigizwe n'amabuye y'agaciro nk'amabuye y'agaciro, umucanga wa quartz, ifu y'urubura n'ibindi bikoresho byo gufunga. Ibikoresho bivangwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza nyayo kandi bigasukwa mu bibumbano. Urufatiro rukomeye ni rwo shingiro ry'intsinzi!
Ibikoresho by'imashini bigezweho bigomba gukora vuba kandi vuba, kandi bigatanga ubuziranenge kurusha mbere hose. Ariko, umuvuduko mwinshi w'ingendo n'imashini zikomeye bitera guhindagura kw'imashini. Uku guhindagura bigira ingaruka mbi ku buso bw'igice, kandi bigabanya igihe cyo gukoresha igikoresho. Ibishushanyo mbonera by'amabuye y'agaciro bigabanya guhindagura vuba - byihuta inshuro zigera kuri 6 kurusha ibishushanyo mbonera by'icyuma n'inshuro 10 kurusha ibishushanyo mbonera by'icyuma.
Ibikoresho by'imashini bifite utubari two gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, nk'imashini zisya n'izisya, birakora neza cyane kandi bikagira ubwiza bwiza ku buso. Byongeye kandi, ubusaza bw'ibikoresho buragabanuka cyane kandi igihe cyo kubikoresha kirakongerwa.
Uduce two gucukura amabuye y'agaciro (epoxy granite) dufite ibyiza byinshi:
- Ishusho n'imbaraga: Uburyo bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro butanga ubwisanzure budasanzwe ukurikije imiterere y'ibice. Imiterere yihariye y'ibikoresho n'uburyo bikorwamo bituma habaho imbaraga nyinshi n'uburemere buke cyane.
- Guhuza ibikorwa remezo: Uburyo bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro butuma habaho guhuza imiterere n'ibindi bice nk'inzira ziyobora, imigozi n'imiyoboro ihuza serivisi, mu gihe cyo gucukura nyacyo.
- Gukora imiterere y’imashini zigoye: Ibidashoboka mu buryo busanzwe birashoboka mu gucukura amabuye y’agaciro: Ibice byinshi by’imashini bishobora guteranywa kugira ngo bikore imiterere igoye hakoreshejwe ingingo zifatanye.
- Ubuziranenge mu buryo bw'ubukungu: Akenshi ibice by'amabuye y'agaciro bishyirwa ku bipimo bya nyuma kuko nta guhindagurika bibaho mu gihe cyo gukomera. Ibi bituma inzira zo kurangiza zihenze zishobora kuvaho.
- Ubuziranenge: Ubuso bufatika cyane cyangwa bushyigikira ibintu bugerwaho binyuze mu gukomeza gusya, gukora cyangwa gusya. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibitekerezo byinshi by'imashini bishobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa neza kandi neza.
- Ubushyuhe bwiza: Gucukura amabuye y'agaciro bigenda buhoro cyane iyo habayeho impinduka z'ubushyuhe kuko ubushobozi bw'ubushyuhe buba buri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'ibikoresho by'icyuma. Kubera iyo mpamvu, impinduka z'ubushyuhe bw'igihe gito zigira ingaruka nke cyane ku buziranenge bw'ibipimo by'igikoresho cy'imashini. Ubushyuhe bwiza bw'icyuma gikoreshwa mu gucukura bivuze ko imiterere rusange y'imashini ibungabungwa neza, bityo amakosa ya geometrike akagabanuka.
- Ntizibangikanywa n'ubushyuhe: Ibice by'amabuye y'agaciro birwanya amavuta, ibintu bikonjesha n'ibindi bintu bishyushye.
- Gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima ibintu mu buryo buhanitse kugira ngo ibikoresho birambe igihe kirekire: gukoresha amabuye y'agaciro bitanga agaciro kangana n'inshuro 10 ko gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima ibintu mu buryo buhanitse kurusha icyuma cyangwa icyuma gishongeshejwe. Kubera iyi miterere, imiterere y'imashini irakomera cyane. Ibyiza ibi bigira ku bubaka ibikoresho by'imashini n'abakoresha biragaragara: ubwiza bw'ubuso bw'ibikoresho byakozwe mu mashini cyangwa mu butaka ndetse n'igihe kirekire cy'ibikoresho biganisha ku kugabanuka kw'ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho.
- Ibidukikije: Ingaruka ku bidukikije mu gihe cyo gukora ibintu ziragabanuka.
Urufunguzo rwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro ugereranije n'urufunguzo rw'icyuma gicukurwa
Reba hepfo ibyiza byo gushushanya amabuye y'agaciro ugereranije n'ishusho y'icyuma cyakoreshejwe mbere:
| Gucukura amabuye y'agaciro (Epoxy Granite) | Icyuma gishongeshejwe | |
| Gutonyanga | Hejuru | Hasi |
| Imikorere y'ubushyuhe | Ubushyuhe buke butuma umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ugabanuka n'ubushyuhe bwinshi ubushobozi | Ubushyuhe bwinshi butwara umuvuduko wabwo kandi ubushobozi buke bwo gushyuha |
| Ibice Byashyizwemo | Igishushanyo mbonera kitagira umupaka na Ibumba ry'igice kimwe na guhuza neza | Ni ngombwa gukora imashini |
| Ubudahangarwa bw'inkongi | Hejuru cyane | Hasi |
| Ibidukikije Ubucuti | Ingufu nke zikoreshwa | Ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nyinshi |
Umwanzuro
Gucukura amabuye y'agaciro ni byiza cyane ku miterere y'imashini zacu za CNC. Bitanga inyungu zigaragara mu ikoranabuhanga, ubukungu no mu bidukikije. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro ritanga uburyo bwiza bwo kudakoresha imivuduko, kurwanya imiti myinshi n'inyungu zikomeye mu bushyuhe (kwaguka k'ubushyuhe nk'uko icyuma cyabugenewe cyakura). Ibintu bihuza, insinga, sensor na sisitemu zo gupima byose bishobora gusukwa mu nteko.
Ni izihe nyungu z'ikigo cy'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro gikoresha granite?
Amabuye y'agaciro (granite ikozwe n'abantu izwi nka sima ya resin) amaze imyaka irenga 30 yemewe mu nganda zikora ibikoresho by'imashini nk'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi.
Dukurikije imibare, mu Burayi, imashini imwe muri 10 zikoresha imashini zicukura amabuye y'agaciro nk'uburyo bwo kuyiziba. Ariko, gukoresha ubunararibonye butari bwo, amakuru atuzuye cyangwa atari yo bishobora gutera gukeka no kwanga imashini zicukura amabuye y'agaciro. Kubwibyo, mu gihe cyo gukora ibikoresho bishya, ni ngombwa gusesengura ibyiza n'ibibi byazo no kubigereranya n'ibindi bikoresho.
Ishingiro ry'imashini z'ubwubatsi muri rusange rigabanyijemo icyuma gishongeshejwe, gucukura amabuye y'agaciro (polimeri na/cyangwa sima ikoreshwa mu gucukura), icyuma/imiterere yasutswe (gucukura/kudacukura) n'amabuye karemano (nk'amabuye ya granite). Buri gikoresho gifite imiterere yacyo, kandi nta gikoresho cyuzuye cy'ubwubatsi. Gusa gusuzuma ibyiza n'ibibi by'igikoresho hakurikijwe ibisabwa byihariye by'ubwubatsi, ni byo bishobora gutoranywamo ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi byiza.
Imirimo ibiri y'ingenzi y'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi—igenzura imiterere y'ibice, aho biherereye n'uburyo bikuramo ingufu, ishyira imbere ibisabwa mu mikorere (imikorere idahinduka, ihindagurika n'iy'ubushyuhe), ibisabwa mu mikorere/imiterere (ukuri, uburemere, ubugari bw'inkuta, koroshya inzira z'ubuyobozi) mu gushyiraho ibikoresho, sisitemu yo kuzenguruka, ubwikorezi) n'ibisabwa mu kiguzi (igiciro, ingano, kuboneka, imiterere ya sisitemu).
I. Ibisabwa mu mikorere y'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi
1. Ibiranga imiterere idahindagurika
Igipimo ngenderwaho cyo gupima imiterere idahinduka y'ishingiro akenshi ni ubukana bw'ibikoresho—guhinduka guke cyane munsi y'umutwaro, aho kuba imbaraga nyinshi. Ku bijyanye no guhindagurika kudahinduka, amabuye y'agaciro ashobora gufatwa nk'ibikoresho bihuye bya isotropic bikurikiza itegeko rya Hooke.
Ubucucike n'uburyo bworoshye bwo gukaraba kw'amabuye y'agaciro ni 1/3 cy'iby'icyuma gishongeshejwe. Kubera ko amabuye y'agaciro n'ibyuma bishongeshejwe bifite ubukana bumwe, munsi y'uburemere bumwe, ubukana bw'ibyuma bishongeshejwe n'amabuye y'agaciro ni bumwe hatabayeho gusuzuma ingaruka z'imiterere. Kenshi na kenshi, ubunini bw'urukuta rw'amabuye y'agaciro akenshi buba inshuro eshatu z'ubw'ibyuma bishongeshejwe, kandi iyi miterere ntabwo izateza ibibazo mu bijyanye n'imiterere y'ibikoresho cyangwa ibyuma bishongeshejwe. Amabuye y'agaciro akwiriye gukoreshwa ahantu hatameze neza hafite umuvuduko (urugero: ibitanda, inkingi, inkingi) kandi ntabwo akwiriye nk'inkingi nto cyangwa ndende (urugero: ameza, amapaleti, ibikoresho bihinduranya ibikoresho, amagare, inkingi zo kuzunguruka). Uburemere bw'ibice by'imiterere bukunze kugabanywa n'ibikoresho by'inganda zishongesheje amabuye y'agaciro, kandi ibicuruzwa bishongesheje amabuye y'agaciro birenza toni 15 muri rusange ni gake cyane.
2. Ibiranga imiterere
Uko umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka cyangwa kwihuta k'umugozi, ni ko imikorere y'imashini iba ikomeye. Gushyira ibintu mu mwanya wabyo vuba, gusimbuza ibikoresho vuba, no gukoresha umuvuduko mwinshi bikomeza kongera imbaraga mu gukurura no gukurura ibice by'imashini. Uretse imiterere y'ibice, guhindagurika, gukwirakwira kw'ibice, no gukomera kw'ibice bibigiramo ingaruka zikomeye ku miterere y'ibikoresho.
Gukoresha amabuye y'agaciro bitanga igisubizo cyiza kuri ibi bibazo. Kubera ko bikurura imitingito inshuro 10 kurusha icyuma gisanzwe, bishobora kugabanya cyane ubwinshi bw'amazi n'umuvuduko w'amazi karemano.
Mu bikorwa byo gutunganya nk'imashini, bishobora kuzana ubwiza bwo hejuru, ubwiza bw'ubuso, no kumara igihe kirekire ibikoresho. Muri icyo gihe, mu bijyanye n'ingaruka z'urusaku, imashini zitunganya amabuye y'agaciro nazo zakoze neza binyuze mu kugereranya no kugenzura ibirindiro, imashini zitunganya n'ibikoresho bitandukanye bya moteri nini na centrifuge. Dukurikije isesengura ry'urusaku rw'ingaruka, imashini zitunganya amabuye y'agaciro zishobora kugabanya igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'amajwi ku kigero cya 20%.
3. Imiterere y'ubushyuhe
Impuguke zivuga ko hafi 80% by'ihindagurika ry'ibikoresho by'imashini biterwa n'ingaruka z'ubushyuhe. Inzitizi z'imikorere nko gushyushya imbere cyangwa hanze, gushyushya mbere, guhindura ibikoresho by'akazi, nibindi byose ni impamvu z'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe. Kugira ngo ubashe guhitamo ibikoresho byiza, ni ngombwa gusobanura ibisabwa mu bikoresho. Ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushobozi buke bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bituma amabuye y'agaciro agira ubushyuhe bukabije ku bushyuhe bw'igihe gito (nk'ihindagurika ry'ibikoresho by'akazi) n'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere. Niba hakenewe gushyushya vuba nk'igitanda cy'icyuma cyangwa ubushyuhe bw'igitanda bubujijwe, ibikoresho bishyushya cyangwa bikonjesha bishobora gutabwa mu gikoresho cy'amabuye y'agaciro kugira ngo bigenzure ubushyuhe. Gukoresha ubwoko bw'igikoresho cyo kwishyura ubushyuhe bishobora kugabanya ihindagurika riterwa n'ingaruka z'ubushyuhe, bifasha kunoza uburyohe ku giciro cyiza.
II. Ibisabwa mu mikorere n'imiterere
Ubuziranenge ni ikintu gitandukanya amabuye y'agaciro n'ibindi bikoresho. Ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro ni 45°C, kandi hamwe n'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho bikozwe neza cyane, ibice n'amabuye y'agaciro bishobora gucukurwa hamwe.
Uburyo bwo kongera gushushanya bugezweho bushobora kandi gukoreshwa ku bintu bidafite aho biboherwa mu gushushanya amabuye y'agaciro, bigatuma habaho gushyiraho neza no gushyiramo ibyuma bidasaba imashini. Kimwe n'ibindi bikoresho by'ibanze, gushushanya amabuye y'agaciro bigengwa n'amategeko yihariye y'imiterere y'inyubako. Ubunini bw'urukuta, ibikoresho bitwara imizigo, ibikoresho byo gushyira mu mbago, uburyo bwo gupakira no gupakurura byose bitandukanye n'ibindi bikoresho ku rugero runaka, kandi bigomba gusuzumwa mbere y'igihe mu gihe cyo gushushanya.
III. Ibisabwa ku giciro
Nubwo ari ngombwa kubitekerezaho ukurikije ikoranabuhanga, ingirakamaro ku kiguzi kirimo kugaragaza akamaro kabyo. Gukoresha amabuye y'agaciro bituma abahanga mu by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bazigama amafaranga menshi yo gukora no gukoresha. Uretse kuzigama amafaranga menshi yo gukora, gucukuzi, guteranya burundu, no kongera ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu (ububiko n'ubwikorezi) byose biragabanuka uko bikwiye. Urebye imikorere yo hejuru y'amabuye y'agaciro, bikwiye gufatwa nk'umushinga wose. Mu by'ukuri, ni byiza kugereranya ibiciro iyo ishingiro rishyizweho cyangwa rishyizweho mbere. Igiciro cy'ibanze kiri hejuru ni ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho byo gucukuzira amabuye y'agaciro, ariko iki giciro gishobora kugabanuka mu gihe kirekire (ibice 500-1000 / ibumba ry'icyuma), kandi ikoreshwa ku mwaka ni ibice 10-15.
IV. Aho ikoreshwa
Nk'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, amabuye y'agaciro ahora asimbuza ibikoresho gakondo by'ubwubatsi, kandi urufunguzo rw'iterambere ryayo ryihuse ruri mu gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, ibumba, n'imiterere ihamye yo guhuza. Kuri ubu, amabuye y'agaciro akoreshwa cyane mu nzego nyinshi z'ibikoresho by'imashini nko gusya no gukora imashini zihuta cyane. Abakora imashini zisya bagiye baba abambere mu rwego rw'ibikoresho by'imashini bakoresha amabuye y'agaciro ku birindiro by'imashini. Urugero, amasosiyete azwi ku isi nka ABA z&b, Bahmler, Jung, Mikrosa, Schaudt, Stude, n'ibindi yagiye yungukira ku buryo amazi y'amabuye y'agaciro ahumira, ubushyuhe n'ubuziranenge bw'amabuye y'agaciro kugira ngo agire ubuziranenge bwo hejuru n'ubwiza bwiza mu gusya.
Kubera ko imitwaro ikomeza kwiyongera, amabuye y'agaciro nayo akundwa cyane n'ibigo bikomeye ku isi mu bijyanye no gusya ibikoresho. Urwego rwo gusya amabuye rufite ubushobozi bwo gukomera kandi rushobora gukuraho imbaraga ziterwa no kwihuta kwa moteri isanzwe. Muri icyo gihe, guhuza imikorere myiza yo gukurura vibration na moteri isanzwe bishobora kunoza cyane ubwiza bw'ubuso bw'igikoresho n'ubuzima bw'uruziga rwo gusya.
Ku bijyanye n'igice kimwe. Mu burebure bwa mm 10000 biratworohera.
Ubunini bw'urukuta buke ni ubuhe?
Muri rusange, ubugari bw'igice cy'ibanze cy'imashini bugomba kuba nibura mm 60. Ibice bito (urugero: ubugari bwa mm 10) bishobora gucukurwa hakoreshejwe ingano nto n'imiterere y'ibice.
Igipimo cyo gucika nyuma yo gusukwa ni hagati ya 0.1-0.3mm kuri 1000mm. Iyo hakenewe ibice bya mekanike bicukurwa neza, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bushobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa kabiri bwo gusya cnc, gukoresha intoki, cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukora imashini.
Ibikoresho byacu byo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro ni uguhitamo granite y'umukara ya Jinan. Ibigo byinshi bihitamo granite isanzwe cyangwa ibuye risanzwe mu bwubatsi bw'inyubako.
· Ibikoresho fatizo: hamwe n'uduce twihariye twa granite y'umukara ya Jinan (izwi kandi nka 'JinanQing' granite'), izwi ku isi yose kubera imbaraga nyinshi, ubukana bwinshi no kudashira;
· Formula: hamwe na resins za epoxy zidasanzwe n'inyongeramusaruro, ibice bitandukanye bikoresha formulations zitandukanye kugira ngo bigire umusaruro mwiza;
· Imiterere ya mekanike: ubushobozi bwo gukurura ibintu mu buryo butigita bungana n'inshuro 10 z'icyuma gishongeshejwe, ubushobozi bwiza bwo kudahinduka no guhinduka;
· Imiterere ifatika: ubucucike ni hafi 1/3 cy'icyuma gishongeshejwe, imiterere yo kurengera ubushyuhe bwinshi kurusha ibyuma, ntabwo ari hygroscopic, kandi ubushyuhe burahamye neza;
· Imiterere ya shimi: kurwanya ingese nyinshi kurusha ibyuma, birengera ibidukikije;
· Ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo: gufungana kw'umurongo nyuma yo gucukura ni hafi 0.1-0.3㎜/m2, imiterere yo hejuru cyane kandi inyuranyije n'ubuziranenge mu miterere yose;
· Ubuziranenge bw'inyubako: inyubako igoye cyane ishobora gucukurwa, mu gihe gukoresha granite karemano akenshi bisaba guteranya, gukurura no gufatanya;
· Uburyo bushyuha buhoro: uburyo buterwa n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe bw'igihe gito buragenda buhoro cyane kandi buragabanuka cyane;
· Ibikoresho byometseho: ibifunga, imiyoboro, insinga n'ibyumba bishobora gushyirwa mu nyubako, ibikoresho byometseho birimo icyuma, amabuye, ibumba na pulasitiki n'ibindi.