Kuki Granite Surface Plate ari ingenzi cyane mu gupima neza ibintu muri iki gihe?

Gushaka ubuhanga busesuye ni byo bigena ubuhanga n’inganda bigezweho. Mu isi aho ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bupimirwa mu gice cya miliyoni imwe cya santimetero, ubusugire bw’ifatizo ry’ibipimo ni ingenzi cyane. Nubwo ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki na CMM zigezweho byitabwaho cyane, icyuma cyo hejuru cyoroheje, gikunze kwitwa imbonerahamwe y’ibipimo bya granite - gikomeza kuba inkingi ikomeye y’igenzura ry’ibipimo. Gikora nk'icyitegererezo cy’ibanze, ikimenyetso cy’uko nta gutandukana na kimwe, aho ibipimo byose n’ibikoresho bigomba kwemezwa. Gusobanukirwa siyansi, guhitamo, n’inkunga ikenewe kuri iki gikoresho cy’ingenzi ni ingenzi ku kigo icyo ari cyo cyose giharanira ireme ry’isi.

Ubumenyi bw'ibikoresho by'ubugari: Kuki Granite?

Guhitamo granite si ikintu gishingiye ku ihame ry’ubutaka n’ubumenyi. Mu binyejana byinshi, igipimo cyo kuba ndende cyashingiraga ku byuma bishongeshejwe, ariko kudahindagurika, imiterere ya rukuruzi, no kwangirika kw’ibice by’icyuma byagiye bibangamira cyane uburyo ibintu bimeze. Granite, cyane cyane diabase y’umukara ikoreshwa cyane mu gupima neza, itanga igisubizo cyiza gishingiye ku miterere ine y’ingenzi y’ibikoresho:

1. Guhagarara k'ubushyuhe: Granite igaragaza Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) iri hasi cyane, akenshi kimwe cya kabiri cy'icyuma. Ibi bivuze ko ihindagurika rito ry'ubushyuhe mu bidukikije bya laboratwari rigira ingaruka nke ku buryo icyuma gifunganye, bitandukanye n'icyuma, cyaguka kikagabanuka cyane.

2. Ubukomezi n'Ubudahangarwa by'Ingirabuzimafatizo: Bitewe n'ubunini bwayo n'imiterere yayo ya kristu, ameza meza meza ya granite agabanya ubukana bw'ingirabuzimafatizo. Mu nyubako zikorerwamo imirimo myinshi, ubu bukomezi ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ibikoresho byo gupima bitabangamirwa n'urusaku cyangwa ingendo zo hanze, bitanga urubuga rutuje kandi ruhamye rwo gupima ibintu byoroheje.

3. Ntirikoresha magnetiki kandi ntirikoresha amashanyarazi: Bitandukanye n'icyuma, granite ntabwo ikoresha amashanyarazi kandi ntizikoresha ingese cyangwa ngo zikore ingese. Ibi bikuraho impungenge ku bijyanye no kubangamira amashanyarazi bigira ingaruka ku bikoresho kandi byoroshya kubungabunga, bikanatuma biramba kandi bikaba byiza.

4. Gucika intege nke no kwangirika guke: Iyo icyuma cyangwa agace k'icyuma kigenzurwa hejuru y'ubutaka, quartz nyinshi mu mabuye ya granite itera gusa gucika ahantu runaka aho gucika maze bigatuma habaho icyuma cyazamutse, nk'uko bishobora kubaho ku byuma. Iki kimenyetso bivuze ko kwangirika bibaho buhoro buhoro kandi mu buryo buteganyijwe, bigakomeza kuba urwego rw'ubuziranenge muri rusange mu gihe kirekire.

Igipimo cya Zahabu: Guhitamo Isahani y'Ubuso Ikwiye

Amasahani yo hejuru agenwa hakurikijwe ingano zayo n'urwego rw'ubuziranenge bwayo. Amasahani atatu asanzwe, AA (Laboratwari), A (Igenzura), na B (Icyumba cy'ibikoresho), agaragaza itandukaniro ryemewe n'ubugari bw'ukuri, akenshi bupimirwa mu icumi cya santimetero igihumbi (0.0001 in) cyangwa santimetero ntoya. Ku bikenewe byinshi mu igenzura rya none, icyuma giciriritse gitanga ubuziranenge n'ubushobozi bwo gutwara kirakenewe cyane.

Isahani y'ubuso ya 24×36 ishobora kuba imwe mu ngano zikoreshwa cyane kandi zikunzwe cyane mu gupima ingano. Ingano zayo zirangana neza: ni nini bihagije kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu buryo bufatika cyangwa ahantu henshi ho kugenzura icyarimwe, ariko ishobora gushoboka gushyirwa mu biro byabugenewe byo kugenzura cyangwa kwimurwa byoroshye iyo ishyizwe ku gitereko cyihariye. Ku maduka akora ku bice binini kandi biciriritse, ingano ya $24 \ikubye 36$ igabanya gukenera kwimura igice ku isahani nini cyane, bigatuma igipimo cyegerana n'igice cyo hagati aho ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije bigira ingaruka nke.

Uburyo bwo gukora plaque yo hejuru ku bipimo nk'ibi ni ubuhanzi n'ubumenyi, burimo uburyo bwo gukurura plaque. Amasafuriya ya granite asanzwe aracibwa, agasenywa, hanyuma agashyirwa ku yandi masafuriya atatu y'ingenzi mu buryo busubiramo (buzwi nka "three-plate method") kugira ngo hagerwe ku buryo bworoshye bwo gupima. Ubu buryo busaba imbaraga ni bwo butuma plaque irushaho kuba nziza mu gupima.

Uruhare rw'ingenzi rw'aho ibara rya Granite rihagarara

Isahani yo hejuru, uko yaba imeze kose, iba ifite ubuziranenge nk'uko imiterere yayo ibyemera. Isahani idashyigikiwe neza izahita ihinduka bitewe n'uburemere bwayo n'uburemere bw'igikoresho, bigatuma urwego rwayo rw'impamyabushobozi rudakoreshwa. Aha niho icyuma cyabigenewe cya granite kiba ikintu kidakoreshwa mu kugikemura.

Igitereko cy’ubuziranenge cyakozwe kugira ngo gishyigikire ingingo z’umwuka cyangwa ingingo za Bessel zanditseho—ahantu runaka hagabanya ihindagurika ry’ikirere no kwemeza ko ubuso bwo hejuru bugumana ubugari bwiza igihe burimo gutwarwa. Ibiranga igitereko cy’ubuhanga birimo:

• Kubaka Ifite Ingufu Zikomeye: Kugira ngo hakurweho uburyo bwo kwimura ibintu no kwemeza ko bihamye.

• Inkunga y'ingingo eshatu: Ibitereko akenshi bikoresha ibirenge bitatu bishobora guhindurwa, bituma igitereko gihamye kandi kidahindagurika ndetse no ku butaka butaringaniye gato. Ibi biraruta ibirenge bine mu mibare, bishobora gutera stress.

• Udupira two kugorora n'udupira two kugorora: Kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kugenda muri laboratwari, hamwe n'udupira two kugorora neza kugira ngo afunge isahani mu mwanya wayo wa nyuma kandi utambitse neza.

Igitereko ni ingenzi mu miterere yose ya metrology. Si ameza gusa; ni sisitemu yo gushyigikira yakozwe neza ikomeza ubuziranenge bwa santimetero ntoya z'ubuso bw'ifatizo hejuru yayo. Kwirengagiza ubwiza bw'igitereko bibangamira inzira yose yo gupima, bigatuma igikoresho cy'ubuziranenge kihinduka nk'agasate karemereye.

Gusobanukirwa ishoramari: Igiciro n'agaciro ka Granite yo hejuru

Ku bashinzwe ikoreshwa ry'imari n'imigabane, igiciro cya granite yo hejuru ni ngombwa. Ni ngombwa kubona ikiguzi cya plate yo hejuru nk'ishoramari ry'igihe kirekire mu kugenzura ubuziranenge, atari ikiguzi cyo gukoresha. Igiciro giterwa n'ibintu byinshi:

• Ingano n'Uburemere: Amasahani manini akenera ibikoresho fatizo byinshi kandi agakoreshwa cyane mu gufunga.

• Ingano y'Uburinganire: Uko amanota ari hejuru (urugero, AA ugereranyije na B), niko amasaha menshi y'abakozi b'abahanga akenerwa mu gikorwa cya nyuma cyo gusimbuza, bigatuma ikiguzi kizamuka.

• Ibikubiye: Ibiranga nk'ibyuma bishyirwamo insinga (zo gushyiramo ibikoresho) cyangwa imigozi yihariye ya T bisaba uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha neza.

• Icyemezo: Icyemezo cyo gupima gikurikiranwa kandi cyigenga cyongera agaciro n'icyizere cy'ubuziranenge.

Nubwo intebe yo gukoreraho ikoreshwa muri rusange ishobora kuba ikwiriye guteranywa cyangwa imirimo itari iy'ingenzi, itandukaniro riri hagati y'ameza yoroshye ya granite n'ameza yemewe ya granite ishingiye gusa ku kubahiriza amahame y'ubugari (ASME B89.3.7 cyangwa bingana nayo) n'ubwiza bw'aho plate ya granite iherekeza. Gushora imari mu plate ihendutse kandi idafite icyemezo byanze bikunze bitera gukorwa ibice bidahuye n'imiterere yayo, amaherezo bigatwara ikiguzi kinini binyuze mu kuvugurura, gusiga icyuho no kwangirika kw'izina ryayo. Agaciro nyakuri k'plate nziza ni icyizere cy'icyizere itanga.

Kuramba, Gupima, n'Ikintu cy'Umuntu

Bitandukanye n'imashini nyinshi zigezweho zikoresha porogaramu n'ibice byimuka, icyuma cyo hejuru ni igikoresho kidahinduka kandi kidahinduka cyagenewe kuramba. Iyo witonze neza—harimo gukoresha uburoso bworoshye gusa mu gusukura, gukoresha imisatsi mito y'icyuma gisukura icyuma, no kwirinda kugwa kw'ibikoresho—icyuma cya granite gishobora gutanga serivisi yizewe mu myaka myinshi ishize.

Ariko, ndetse n'ibikoresho biramba cyane bishobora kwangirika. Gukoresha ibikoresho byo gupima ahantu runaka, cyane cyane hagati, bizatera kwangirika kwa mikorosikopi, bigatera kugorama gutoroshye. Ibi bisaba ko habaho gupima buri gihe kandi byemejwe. Umuhanga mu by'ikirere wujuje ibisabwa akoresha autocollimator n'urwego rwa elegitoroniki kugira ngo agaragaze ubuso bwose bw'ikibaho, abigereranye n'ibipimo by'ibanze by'umwimerere. Ubu buryo bw'ingenzi bwo kongera kwemeza butuma ikibaho gikomeza kuba mu rwego rwacyo kandi bugakomeza ububasha bwacyo nk'urugero rwo gupima ikigo.

Mu isi y’ibipimo by’ubuhanga, aho buri santimetero ntoya ibarwa, icyuma cyo hejuru cya granite si ikintu cy’ingenzi gusa—ni ishingiro ry’ingenzi. Ububasha bwacyo bukomoka ku mategeko ya fiziki n’uburyo gikozwemo neza. Ku kigo icyo ari cyo cyose kigamije gukora neza, kwemeza ko urwego rw’ubunini bukwiye kandi rushyigikiwe, nk’icyitegererezo gisanzweho inshuro 24, gihari kandi kigahora gitunganywa, ni ikimenyetso cyumvikana cy’ubwitange buhamye ku bwiza.