Mu rwego rwo gupima ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuru, kumenya neza ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi gishingirwaho mu gupima agaciro k'ibikoresho. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, 95% by'ibikoresho bipima ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuru byaretse gupima ibikoresho gakondo ahubwo bikoresha ibikoresho bipima ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuru. Inyuma y'iri hinduka ry'inganda hari iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryatewe n'imiterere y'ibikoresho bipima ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuru. Iyi nkuru izasesengura byimbitse ibyiza byihariye by'ibikoresho bipima ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuru kandi igaragaze amayobera ari inyuma yo kuba "ikintu gishya gikundwa" n'ibikoresho bipima ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuru.
Imbogamizi z'ibice by'icyuma gishongeshejwe: Biragoye kuzuza ibisabwa mu gupima ibipimo byo ku rwego rwo hejuru
Ibyuma bya cast steel byahoze ari ibikoresho by’ingenzi mu gupima ibikoresho kandi byakoreshwaga cyane bitewe nuko bihendutse kandi byoroshye kubitunganya. Ariko, mu bipimo byo hejuru, imbogamizi z’ibyuma bya cast steel zigenda zigaragara cyane. Ku ruhande rumwe, icyuma cya cast steel gifite ubushyuhe buke, gifite igipimo cyo kwaguka k’ubushyuhe kiri hagati ya 11-12 × 10⁻⁶/℃. Iyo ibikoresho bitanga ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gukora cyangwa ubushyuhe bw’ikirere bugahinduka, bikunze kwangirika k’ubushyuhe, bigatuma ikigereranyo cyo gupima kigabanuka. Ku rundi ruhande, imiterere y’imbere y’icyuma cya cast steel ifite imyenge mito, kandi ubushobozi bwacyo bwo kudakoresha vibration budahagije, bigatuma kidashobora kwakira neza vibration interferences zo hanze. Iyo imikorere y’ibikoresho by’imashini n’ingendo z’imodoka mu iduka bitera vibration, icyuma cya cast steel cyohereza vibration ku bikoresho bipima, bigatera ihindagurika ry’amakuru yo gupima kandi bigatuma bigorana kuzuza ibisabwa byo gupima neza ku rwego rwa nanometero na mikorometero.
Ibiranga imitereko ya granite yo gushonga mu buryo bwa nanoscale: Ingwate y'ibanze yo gupima neza
Granite ni ibuye karemano ryakozwe binyuze mu mikorere ya geologi mu myaka amagana na miriyoni. Amabuye ya kristu y'imbere ni manini kandi imiterere yayo ni minini kandi ingana, bigatuma igira ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe. Iyo imitingito yo hanze yoherejwe ku ishingiro rya granite, imiterere yayo y'imbere ishobora guhindura vuba ingufu zo guhindagura mo ingufu z'ubushyuhe, bigatuma igabanuka neza. Ugereranyije n'icyuma gishongeshejwe, igihe cyo guhindagura kw'inkingi za granite kigabanukaho ibirenze 80%, kandi zishobora gusubira mu mimerere ihamye mu gihe gito cyane, birinda ingaruka zo guhindagura ku buziranenge bw'ibikoresho byo gupima.
Ukurikije imiterere ya mikorosikopi, imiterere ya kristu ya granite irimo umubare munini w’imipaka mito y’utunyangingo n’utunyangingo tw’amabuye y’agaciro, kandi ibi bintu bigize imiterere birema "urusobe rw’imitingito yo kwinjizwamo". Iyo imiraba y’imitingito ikwirakwira muri granite, ihura, igasubiramo kandi igakwirakwira hamwe n’imipaka y’utunyangingo n’utunyangingo inshuro nyinshi. Ingufu zo guhindagurika zikoreshwa buri gihe muri iki gikorwa, bityo bigatuma habaho ingaruka zo kudakomeza guhindagurika kw’utunyangingo. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ishingiro rya granite rishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo guhindagurika kugeza munsi ya kimwe cya cumi cy’icyambere, bigatanga ahantu hahamye ho gupima ibikoresho byo gupima.
Izindi nyungu z'ibice bya granite: Inyuza ibisabwa byose ku rwego rwo hejuru
Uretse ubushobozi bwayo bwo gupima ubushyuhe bwa nanoscale, ishingiro rya granite rifite kandi ibyiza byinshi, bituma riba amahitamo meza ku bikoresho byo gupima bihanitse. Igipimo cyayo cyo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe ni gito cyane, ni 5-7 × 10⁻⁶/℃ gusa, kandi ntabwo ihinduka bitewe n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe. Ishobora kugumana ingano n'imiterere ihamye mu bihe bitandukanye by'ibidukikije, bigatuma igipimo gikwirakwira neza. Hagati aho, granite ifite ubukana bwinshi (ifite ubukana bwa Mohs bwa 6-7) kandi idashobora kwangirika cyane. Nubwo imaze igihe kirekire ikoreshwa, ubuso bwayo bushobora kugumana ubukana bwiza cyane, bigabanyiriza inshuro zo kubungabunga no gupima ibikoresho. Byongeye kandi, granite ifite ubukana buhoraho bwa shimi kandi ntiyoroshye kwangirika n'ibintu bikomoka kuri aside cyangwa alkaline, bigatuma ikwiriye ahantu hatandukanye hakomeye mu nganda.
Inganda zikora zagaragaje agaciro gakomeye k'ibishingiriro bya granite
Mu rwego rwo gukora ibikoresho bya semiconductor, ingano y’ibice by’imashini byageze mu gihe cya nanoscale, kandi ibisabwa ku bikoresho bya metrology ni byinshi cyane. Nyuma y’uko ikigo mpuzamahanga kizwi cyane cya semiconductor cyasimbuje ibikoresho byo gupima n’icyuma gikozwe mu ibumba gifite ishingiro rya granite, ikosa ryo gupima ryagabanutse kuva kuri ± 5μm rigera kuri ± 0.5μm, kandi umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa wiyongeraho 12%. Mu rwego rw’indege, ibikoresho bya metrology byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bikoreshwa mu kumenya imiterere n’aho ibice bihagaze, nyuma yo gukoresha ishingiro rya granite, birinda kubangamira imitingito, bigenzura ko ibice by’ingenzi nk’ibyuma bya moteri y’indege n’amafuru y’indege bitunganywa neza, kandi bitanga icyizere gikomeye cy’umutekano n’ubwizerwe bw’ibicuruzwa byo mu kirere.
Bitewe n’uko ibikenewe kugira ngo ibipimo bibe byiza mu nganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bikomeje kunozwa, ishingiro rya granite, hamwe n’imiterere yaryo yo gushonga mu buryo buciriritse hamwe n’inyungu z’imikorere yuzuye, ririmo kuvugurura amahame ngenderwaho y’ibikoresho byo gupima. Impinduka kuva ku byuma bishongeshejwe kugeza ku bya granite si ukuvugurura ibikoresho gusa; ni n’impinduramatwara mu nganda zishyira ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima neza ku rwego rushya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-13-2025