Imashini yo gupimisha ikoreshwa mu gupima (coordinate measurement machine) ni iki?

Aimashini ipima ibintu hamwe(CMM) ni igikoresho gipima imiterere y'ibintu bifatika binyuze mu kubona ingingo zitandukanye ku buso bw'ikintu hakoreshejwe probe. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho bipima ibintu bipima ibintu bipima ibintu bipima ibintu bitandukanye ku buso bw'ikintu hakoreshejwe probe. Muri CMM, harimo ibyuma bipima ibintu bipima ibintu, ibipima ibintu bipima ibintu, ibyatsi, ibyatsi bipima ibintu .... Bitewe n'uko icyuma gipima ahantu

CMM isanzwe ya 3D "ikiraro" yemerera probe kugenda ku migozi itatu, X, Y na Z, ifite imiterere igororotse muri sisitemu ya Cartesian coordinate ifite imiterere itatu. Buri mugozi ufite sensor igenzura aho probe iherereye kuri uwo mugozi, akenshi ikoresheje mikorometero neza. Iyo probe ihuye (cyangwa ikabona ikindi kintu) ahantu runaka kuri icyo kintu, imashini ipima sensor eshatu ziri aho hantu, bityo igapima aho ingingo imwe iri ku buso bw'ikintu, ndetse na vector y'imiterere itatu y'igipimo cyafashwe. Iki gikorwa gisubirwamo uko bikenewe, kigenda gihindura probe buri gihe, kugira ngo haboneke "igicu cy'ingingo" gisobanura ubuso bw'ibintu bishishikaje.

Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha CMMs ni mu gukora no guteranya kugira ngo hageragezwe igice cyangwa guteranya hakurikijwe igishushanyo mbonera. Muri ubwo buryo, hakorwa ibicu by'ingingo bigasesengurwa hakoreshejwe algorithme yo gusubira inyuma kugira ngo hakorwe imiterere. Izi ngingo zikusanywa hakoreshejwe probe ishyirwa mu mwanya wayo n'umukoresha cyangwa mu buryo bwikora binyuze mu kugenzura mudasobwa mu buryo butaziguye (DCC). CMMs za DCC zishobora gutegurwa kugira ngo zipime ibice bimwe kenshi; bityo CMM yikora ni ubwoko bwihariye bwa roboti ikora mu nganda.

Ibice

Imashini zipima ibintu zigizwe n'ibice bitatu by'ingenzi:

• Imiterere nyamukuru irimo imigozi itatu y'ingendo. Ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu kubaka urufatiro rw'imashini byagiye bihinduka mu myaka yashize. Granite n'icyuma byakoreshejwe mu ntangiriro za CMM. Muri iki gihe, inganda zose zikomeye za CMM zubaka urufatiro mu cyuma cya aluminiyumu cyangwa ibindi bikomoka kuri CMM, kandi zigakoresha ceramic kugira ngo zongere ubukana bw'umurongo wa Z mu gukoresha mu gupima. Abakora CMM bake muri iki gihe baracyakora urufatiro rwa granite CMM bitewe n'uko isoko rikeneye kugira ngo habeho kunoza imiterere y'ibipimo no kwiyongera k'uburyo bwo gushyiraho CMM hanze ya laboratwari y'ubuziranenge. Ubusanzwe abubatsi ba CMM bafite ingano ntoya gusa n'inganda zo mu gihugu mu Bushinwa no mu Buhinde nibo bagikora granite CMM bitewe n'ikoranabuhanga rike kandi byoroshye kwinjira kugira ngo babe abubatsi ba CMM. Uko kwiyongera k'uburyo bwo gupima bisaba kandi ko umurongo wa CMM Z ukomeye kandi hashyizweho ibikoresho bishya nka ceramic na silicon carbide.
• Sisitemu yo gupima
• Sisitemu yo gukusanya no kugabanya amakuru — ubusanzwe ikubiyemo imashini igenzura amakuru, mudasobwa yo kuri mudasobwa na porogaramu.

Kuboneka

Izi mashini zishobora kwigenga, zigafatwa mu ntoki kandi zigatwarwa.

Uburinganire

Ubuziranenge bw'imashini zipima ibintu bihuza ubusanzwe butangwa nk'ikintu kidasobanutse nk'imikorere ishingiye ku ntera. Kuri CMM ikoresha icyuma gipima ibintu, ibi bifitanye isano no gusubiramo kw'icyuma gipima ibintu n'ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo bigororotse. Ubusanzwe icyuma gipima ibintu gishobora gupima muri santimetero 0.001 cyangwa 0.00005 (igice cya cumi) ku gipimo cyose. Ku mashini zifite axis 3, 3 + 2, na 5, icyuma gipima ibintu gihora gipimwa hakoreshejwe ibipimo bishobora gukurikiranwa kandi imashini igenda igenzura hakoreshejwe ibipimo kugira ngo imenye neza ko ari byo.

Ibice byihariye

Umubiri w'imashini

CMM ya mbere yakozwe na Ferranti Company yo muri Ecosse mu myaka ya 1950 bitewe n’uko byari bikenewe gupima neza ibice by’ibikoresho bya gisirikare, nubwo iyi mashini yari ifite imishumi ibiri gusa. Imiterere ya mbere y’imirongo itatu yatangiye kugaragara mu myaka ya 1960 (DEA yo mu Butaliyani) maze igenzura rya mudasobwa ritangira mu ntangiriro za 1970 ariko CMM ya mbere ikora yakozwe inagurishwa na Browne & Sharpe i Melbourne, mu Bwongereza. (Leitz Ubudage yaje gukora imiterere y’imashini ihamye ifite ameza yimuka.

Mu mashini zigezweho, imiterere y’agace k’imbere ifite amaguru abiri kandi akenshi yitwa ikiraro. Ibi bigenda neza ku meza ya granite hamwe n’ukuguru kumwe (akenshi byitwa ukuguru kw’imbere) bikurikira uruzitiro rw’ubuyobozi rufatanye n’uruhande rumwe rw’ameza ya granite. Ukuguru kuruhande (akenshi ukuguru kw’inyuma) guhagaze gusa ku meza ya granite hakurikijwe imiterere y’ubuso buhagaze. Ibyuma by’umwuka ni bwo buryo bwatoranijwe bwo kwemeza ko nta gukururana kw’ikirere binyuramo. Muri ibi, umwuka upfunyitse ushyirwa mu mwobo muto cyane mu buso bugororotse kugira ngo habeho umusego w’umwuka ugororotse ariko ugenzurwa aho CMM ishobora kugenda mu buryo butagira gukururana bushobora kwishyurwa binyuze muri porogaramu. Ingendo z’ikiraro cyangwa agace k’imbere ku meza ya granite zigira umurongo umwe w’umurongo wa XY. Ikiraro cy’agace k’imbere kirimo igare rinyura hagati y’amaguru y’imbere n’inyuma rigakora undi murongo wa X cyangwa Y utambitse. Umurongo wa gatatu w’ingendo (umurongo wa Z) utangwa no kongeramo agace k’igare cyangwa spindle kazamuka kamanuka hagati mu igare. Imashini ikoraho ikora igikoresho cyo kumva ku mpera y’agace k’igare. Uburyo intera ya X, Y na Z isobanura neza ibahasha yo gupima. Ameza azunguruka ashobora gukoreshwa mu kongera ubushobozi bwa probe yo gupima ku bikoresho bigoye gukora. Ameza azunguruka nk'umurongo wa kane ntabwo yongera ingano y'ibipimo, biguma ari 3D, ariko itanga ubushobozi bwo koroshya. Amwe mu matsinda yo gukoraho ni ibikoresho bizunguruka bikoresha ingufu hamwe n'umutwe wa probe ushobora kuzenguruka uhagaze unyuze kuri dogere zirenga 180 no mu kuzenguruka kose kwa dogere 360.

Ubu CMM nazo ziraboneka mu bundi buryo butandukanye. Izi zirimo amaboko ya CMM akoresha ibipimo by'inguni bifatwa ku ngingo z'ukuboko kugira ngo hamenyekane aho umutwe wa stylus uherereye, kandi ashobora gushyirwaho ibyuma bipima hakoreshejwe laser scanning na optical imaging. Bene CMM zo ku maboko akenshi zikoreshwa aho ubushobozi bwazo bwo kwimurwa ari akarusho kuruta CMM zisanzwe zo kuryama - mu kubika ahantu hapimwe, porogaramu ya porogaramu nayo yemerera kwimura ukuboko gupima ubwako, n'ingano yako, hirya no hino kugira ngo bipimwe mu gihe cyo gupima. Kubera ko amaboko ya CMM yigana ubworoherane bw'ukuboko kw'umuntu, akenshi ashobora no kugera imbere mu bice bigoye bitashoboraga gupimwa hakoreshejwe imashini isanzwe ifite umurongo wa gatatu.

Imashini ipima

Mu minsi ya mbere yo gupima (CMM), imashini zipima (probes) zashyirwaga mu kintu cyihariye ku mpera y'imashini. Imashini ipima (probes) isanzwe cyane yakorwaga hakoreshejwe gusodera umupira ukomeye ku mpera y'umugozi. Ibi byari byiza cyane mu gupima ubwoko bwose bw'isura igororotse, ubuso buzunguruka cyangwa ubw'uruziga. Izindi mashini zasigwaga ku miterere yihariye, urugero nk'igice kimwe, kugira ngo habeho gupima imiterere yihariye. Izi mashini zafatwaga ku buryo bufatika ku gice cy'akazi aho umwanya mu isanzure wasomwe uhereye kuri 3-axis digital readout (DRO) cyangwa, muri sisitemu zigezweho, zikinjizwa muri mudasobwa hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima ibirenge cyangwa igikoresho gisa nacyo. Ibipimo byafatwaga n'ubu buryo bwo gukoraho byakunze kuba atari ibyizerwa kuko imashini zakorwaga n'intoki kandi buri mukoresha w'imashini yakoresheje ingano itandukanye y'umuvuduko kuri mashini cyangwa agakoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima.

Ikindi cyatewe ni uko hongewemo moteri zo gutwara buri gice cy’umurambararo. Abakoresha ntibagombaga gukora ku mashini ahubwo bashoboraga gutwara buri gice cy’umurambararo bakoresheje agasanduku k’intoki gafite udupira tw’ingufu nk’uko bigenda ku modoka zigezweho zigenzurwa kure. Ubuhanga bwo gupima no gukoresha neza byarushijeho kuba byiza cyane ubwo havumburwaga icyuma gipima ikoranabuhanga. Uwatangije iki gikoresho gishya cy’ingufu ni David McMurtry waje gushinga icyo ubu cyitwa Renishaw plc. Nubwo cyari igikoresho gipima, icyuma cyari gifite icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gifite umurambararo (nyuma cyakozwe mu buryo bwa rubi). Uko icyuma cyakoraga ku buso bw’igice, icyuma cyarahindukiraga maze cyohereza amakuru ya X, Y, Z kuri mudasobwa icyarimwe. Amakosa yo gupima yaterwaga n’abakoresha ku giti cyabo yagabanutse, maze hashyirwaho icyiciro cyo gutangiza ibikorwa bya CNC no gukura kwa CMM.

Imashini zipima urumuri ni sisitemu za lens-CCD, zigenda nk'izikoresha ikoranabuhanga, kandi zigamije ahantu hakenewe, aho gukora ku bikoresho. Ishusho y'ubuso izafatwa ifungirwa mu mbibi z'idirishya ripima, kugeza igihe ibisigazwa bihagije kugira ngo bihuze uturere tw'umukara n'umweru. Umurongo ugabanya ushobora kubarwa kugeza ku ngingo, ari na yo ngingo ishakwa yo gupimira mu isanzure. Amakuru atambitse kuri CCD ni 2D (XY) kandi aho ihagaze ni aho sisitemu yose yo gupimira iri kuri Z-drive (cyangwa ikindi gice cy'igikoresho).

Sisitemu zo gupima ibintu

Hari moderi nshya zifite imashini zikurura hejuru y'igice zifata ahantu runaka mu bihe runaka, zizwi nka scanning probes. Ubu buryo bwo kugenzura CMM akenshi burusha uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoraho imashini kandi akenshi bunarusha vuba.

Itsinda rikurikira rya scanning, rizwi nka noncontact scanning, ririmo high speed laser single point triangulation, laser line scanning, na white light scanning, ririmo gutera imbere cyane. Ubu buryo bukoresha imirasire ya laser cyangwa urumuri rwera rugaragara hejuru y'igice. Hanyuma ingingo ibihumbi byinshi zishobora gufatwa zigakoreshwa atari mu kugenzura ingano n'aho ziherereye gusa, ahubwo no mu gukora ishusho ya 3D y'igice. Iyi "point-cloud data" ishobora koherezwa kuri porogaramu ya CAD kugira ngo hakorwe moderi ya 3D y'igice. Izi scanner z'amajwi zikunze gukoreshwa ku bice byoroshye cyangwa byoroshye cyangwa mu koroshya imashini zisubira inyuma.

Isuzuma rya mikorometrologiya

Sisitemu zo gupima ikoreshwa rya microscale metrology ni ikindi gice kigaragara. Hari imashini nyinshi zipima zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi (CMM) zifite microprobe ihuriweho muri sisitemu, sisitemu nyinshi zihariye muri laboratwari za leta, hamwe n'izindi mashini nyinshi zubatswe muri kaminuza zo gupima microscale metrology. Nubwo izi mashini ari nziza kandi akenshi ari nziza cyane zifite nanometric metrology, imbogamizi yazo nyamukuru ni microprobe yizewe, ikomeye kandi ishoboye.^{[hakenewe icyitonderwa]}Imbogamizi ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ibintu mu buryo bwa microscale zirimo gukenera probe ifite ikigereranyo cyo hejuru itanga ubushobozi bwo kugera ku bintu byimbitse kandi bito bifite imbaraga nke zo gukoraho kugira ngo bitangiza ubuso n'ubuhanga bwo hejuru (nanometer level).^{[hakenewe icyitonderwa]}Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo gupima binini bishobora kwibasirwa n’ibidukikije nk’ubushuhe n’imikoranire y’ubuso nko gufungana (biterwa no gufatana, meniscus, cyangwa imbaraga za Van der Waals n’ibindi).^{[hakenewe icyitonderwa]}

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kugera ku gupima mikorosike rikubiyemo verisiyo ya CMM probes ya kera, probes optique, na probe ya wave probe ihagaze n'ibindi. Ariko, ikoranabuhanga rya optique rigezweho ntirishobora gupimwa rito bihagije kugira ngo ripime imiterere yimbitse kandi ifunganye, kandi ubushobozi bwo kureba bugengwa n'uburebure bw'urumuri. Ishusho ya X-ray itanga ishusho y'imiterere ariko nta makuru ashoboka yo gupima.

Amahame y'umubiri

Imashini zipima urumuri cyangwa imashini zipima urumuri zishobora gukoreshwa (niba bishoboka hamwe), zihindura CMM zikaba mikorosikopi zipima cyangwa imashini zipima ibintu byinshi. Sisitemu zo gupima uduce duto, sisitemu za theodolite triangulation cyangwa sisitemu za laser distant na triangulation ntizitwa imashini zipima, ariko igisubizo cyo gupima ni kimwe: ahantu ho gupima. Imashini zipima urumuri zikoreshwa mu kumenya intera iri hagati y'ubuso n'aho yerekeza ku mpera y'uruhererekane rwa kinematic (ni ukuvuga impera y'igice cya Z-drive). Ibi bishobora gukoresha imikorere ya interferometrical, ihinduka ry'icyerekezo, ihinduka ry'urumuri cyangwa ihame ryo gusiga urumuri.

Imashini zipima ibintu zigendanwa

Mu gihe CMM zisanzwe zikoresha icyuma gipima ibintu kigenda ku mirasire itatu ya Cartesian kugira ngo gipime imiterere y'ikintu, CMM zigendanwa zikoresha amaboko afatanye cyangwa, mu gihe cya CMM zikoresha optique, sisitemu zo gupima zidafite amaboko zikoresha uburyo bwa optique triangulation kandi zigatuma umuntu yigenga mu kugenda hafi y'ikintu.

CMM zigendanwa zifite amaboko afatanye zifite imigozi itandatu cyangwa irindwi zifite imigozi izunguruka, aho kuba imigozi igororotse. Imigozi igendanwa ni yo yoroheje (ubusanzwe munsi y'ibiro 20) kandi ishobora gutwarwa no gukoreshwa ahantu hose. Ariko, CMM zigaragara zirimo gukoreshwa cyane muri uru rwego. Zakozwe hakoreshejwe kamera ntoya cyangwa matrix array (nka Microsoft Kinect), CMM zigaragara ni ntoya ugereranyije na CMM zigendanwa zifite amaboko, nta nsinga zifite, kandi zituma abakoresha bashobora gupima byoroshye ubwoko bwose bw'ibintu biri ahantu hose.

Porogaramu zimwe na zimwe zidasubiramo nko guhindura imiterere y’ibikoresho, gukora porogaramu yihuse, no kugenzura ibice by’ingano zose bikwiranye neza na CMM zigendanwa. Ibyiza bya CMM zigendanwa ni byinshi. Abakoresha bafite ubushobozi bwo gupima ibice by’ubwoko bwose mu buryo bwa 3D no mu bice bya kure cyane/bigoye. Biroroshye gukoresha kandi ntibisaba ahantu hagenzurwa kugira ngo bipime neza. Byongeye kandi, CMM zigendanwa zikunze kugabanuka ugereranyije na CMM zisanzwe.

Ubufatanye bw’ibikoresho bya CMM byoroshye ni ugukoresha intoki (buri gihe bisaba umuntu kubikoresha). Byongeye kandi, ubunyangamugayo bwabyo muri rusange bushobora kuba budahuje n’ukuri nk’ubw’ubwoko bwa CMM kandi ntibukwiriye gukoreshwa muri bimwe na bimwe.

Imashini zipima ibikoresho byinshi

Ikoranabuhanga rya CMM risanzwe rikoresha ibikoresho byo gukoraho muri iki gihe rikunze guhuzwa n'irindi koranabuhanga ryo gupima. Ibi birimo ibikoresho byo gupima hakoreshejwe laser, videwo cyangwa urumuri rwera kugira ngo bitange icyo bita gupima ibikoresho byinshi.