Imashini yo gupima ikora iki?

A.guhuza imashini ipima(CMM) ni igikoresho gipima geometrike yibintu bifatika ukumva ingingo zidasanzwe hejuru yikintu hamwe na probe.Ubwoko butandukanye bwubushakashatsi bukoreshwa muri CMM, harimo ubukanishi, optique, laser, numucyo wera.Ukurikije imashini, umwanya wa probe urashobora kugenzurwa nintoki na operateri cyangwa irashobora kugenzurwa na mudasobwa.Ubusanzwe CMMs igaragaza umwanya wa probe mubijyanye no kwimurwa kwayo kuva aho yerekanwe muri sisitemu yo guhuza ibice bitatu bya Cartesian (urugero, hamwe na axe XYZ).Usibye kwimura iperereza ku mashoka ya X, Y, na Z, imashini nyinshi nazo zemerera inguni ya probe kugenzurwa kugirango yemererwe gupima ubuso ubundi bitagerwaho.

Ubusanzwe 3D "ikiraro" CMM yemerera gukora iperereza kumashoka atatu, X, Y na Z, arikumwe hagati ya sisitemu yo guhuza ibice bitatu bya Cartesian.Buri murongo ufite sensor ikurikirana umwanya wa probe kuri iyo axe, mubisanzwe hamwe na micrometero neza.Iyo iperereza rihuye (cyangwa ubundi rikamenya) ahantu runaka ku kintu, imashini yerekana ibyuma bitatu byerekana imyanya, bityo igapima aho ingingo imwe iri hejuru yikintu, kimwe na vectori ya 3-yerekana ibipimo byafashwe.Iyi nzira isubirwamo nkibikenewe, yimura iperereza buri gihe, kugirango itange "point point igicu" isobanura ubuso bwinyungu.

Ikoreshwa rusange rya CMM ni mubikorwa byo gukora no guteranya kugirango ugerageze igice cyangwa inteko kurwanya intego yo gushushanya.Mubisabwa nkibi, ingingo yibicu irabyara isesengura ikoresheje algorithm ya regression yo kubaka ibintu.Izi ngingo zegeranijwe hifashishijwe iperereza ryashyizwe ku ntoki n'umukoresha cyangwa mu buryo bwikora binyuze muri Direct Direct Computer (DCC).DCM CMMs irashobora gutegurwa gupima inshuro imwe ibice bimwe;bityo CMM ikora ni uburyo bwihariye bwa robo yinganda.

Ibice

Imashini zipima guhuza zirimo ibice bitatu byingenzi:

• Imiterere nyamukuru ikubiyemo amashoka atatu yo kugenda.Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mukubaka ikadiri yimuka yagiye itandukana mumyaka.Granite nicyuma byakoreshwaga muri CMM yo hambere.Uyu munsi, inganda zose zikomeye za CMM zubaka ama frame kuva aluminiyumu cyangwa ibiyikomokaho kandi bagakoresha na ceramic kugirango bongere ubukana bwa Z axis yo gusikana porogaramu.Abubatsi bake ba CMM muri iki gihe baracyakora granite ikadiri ya CMM kubera ibisabwa ku isoko kugirango habeho imbaraga za metrology no kongera uburyo bwo gushyira CMM hanze ya laboratoire nziza.Mubisanzwe gusa amajwi make yubaka CMM nabakora ibicuruzwa murugo mubushinwa no mubuhinde baracyakora granite CMM kubera uburyo buke bwikoranabuhanga no kwinjira byoroshye kugirango babe CMM yubaka.Uburyo bugenda bwiyongera kuri scanne busaba kandi umurongo wa CMM Z gukomera kandi ibikoresho bishya byatangijwe nka ceramic na silicon karbide.
• Sisitemu yo kubaza
• Sisitemu yo gukusanya amakuru no kugabanya - mubisanzwe ikubiyemo imashini igenzura imashini, mudasobwa ya desktop na software ikoreshwa.

Kuboneka

Izi mashini zirashobora kuba zidegembya, zifashwe kandi zigendanwa.

Ukuri

Imashini zipima guhuza ibipimo mubisanzwe zitangwa nkikintu kidashidikanywaho nkigikorwa kirenze intera.Kuri CMM ukoresheje iperereza rikoraho, ibi bifitanye isano no gusubiramo iperereza no kumenya neza umunzani.Isubiramo risanzwe rishobora kuvamo ibipimo biri muri .001mm cyangwa .00005 cm (igice cya cumi) hejuru yubunini bwose bwo gupima.Kumashini ya 3, 3 + 2, na 5 axis, iperereza risanzwe risubirwamo hifashishijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho kandi imashini igenda igenzurwa hakoreshejwe ibipimo kugirango hamenyekane neza.

Ibice byihariye

Umubiri wimashini

CMM ya mbere yatunganijwe na Sosiyete ya Ferranti yo muri otcosse mu myaka ya za 1950 biturutse ku gukenera mu buryo butaziguye ibipimo bifatika mu bicuruzwa byabo bya gisirikare, nubwo iyi mashini yari ifite amashoka 2 gusa.Moderi ya 3-axis ya mbere yatangiye kugaragara mu myaka ya za 1960 (DEA yo mu Butaliyani) kandi kugenzura mudasobwa byatangiye mu ntangiriro ya za 1970 ariko CMM ya mbere ikora yatunganijwe kandi igurishwa na Browne & Sharpe i Melbourne, mu Bwongereza.(Leitz Ubudage bwaje gukora imashini ihamye hamwe nameza yimuka.

Mu mashini zigezweho, superstructure yo mu bwoko bwa gantry ifite amaguru abiri kandi bakunze kwita ikiraro.Ibi bigenda byisanzuye kumeza ya granite ukuguru kumwe (bakunze kwita ukuguru kwimbere) gukurikira gari ya moshi iyobora kuruhande rumwe rwameza ya granite.Ukuguru gutandukanye (akenshi hanze yamaguru) kuruhukira kumeza ya granite ikurikira ihagaritse hejuru.Imyuka yo mu kirere nuburyo bwatoranijwe bwo kwemeza ingendo zubusa.Muri ibyo, umwuka wugarijwe uhatirwa binyuze murukurikirane rw'imyobo mito cyane hejuru yuburinganire kugirango itange ikirere cyoroshye ariko kigenzurwa na CMM ishobora kugendagenda muburyo butavanze bushobora kwishyurwa binyuze muri software.Kugenda kwikiraro cyangwa gantry kumeza ya granite ikora umurongo umwe windege ya XY.Ikiraro cya gantry kirimo igare rinyura hagati yamaguru yimbere ninyuma kandi rigakora izindi X cyangwa Y itambitse.Igice cya gatatu cyimodoka (Z axis) gitangwa hiyongereyeho guhagarikwa guhagaritse cyangwa kuzunguruka kuzamuka no kumanuka unyuze hagati ya gare.Gukoraho gukoraho gukora igikoresho cyo kumva kumpera ya cill.Imyitwarire ya X, Y na Z isobanura neza ibahasha yo gupima.Imbonerahamwe yizunguruka irashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere uburyo bwo gupima iperereza kumurimo utoroshye.Imbonerahamwe izenguruka nkigice cya kane cyimodoka ntishobora kongera ibipimo byo gupima, bikomeza kuba 3D, ariko bitanga urwego rwo guhinduka.Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwo gukoraho ubwabwo bukoreshwa nibikoresho bizunguruka hamwe nubushakashatsi bushobora guhindagurika mu buryo buhagaritse kuri dogere zirenga 180 kandi binyuze muri dogere 360 ​​yuzuye.

Ubu CMM iraboneka no muburyo butandukanye.Harimo intwaro za CMM zikoresha ibipimo bifatika bifatanyirijwe hamwe mukuboko kwamaboko kugirango babare umwanya wumutwe wa stylus, kandi birashobora gushyirwaho nubushakashatsi bwo gusikana lazeri no kwerekana amashusho.Amaboko nk'aya CMM akoreshwa kenshi aho ubushobozi bwabo ari akarusho kurenza uburiri busanzwe bwa CMMs- mukubika ahantu hapimwe, porogaramu yo gutangiza porogaramu nayo ituma kwimura ukuboko gupima ubwabyo, hamwe nubunini bwacyo bwo gupima, hafi yikigero cyo gupimwa mugihe cyo gupima.Kuberako amaboko ya CMM yigana ubworoherane bwukuboko kwumuntu nabo barashobora akenshi kugera mumbere yibice bigoye bidashobora kugenzurwa hakoreshejwe imashini isanzwe itatu.

Ubushakashatsi

Muminsi yambere yo guhuza ibipimo (CMM), imashini zashyizwe mubikoresho bidasanzwe kumpera ya cill.Iperereza risanzwe ryakozwe mugurisha umupira ukomeye kugeza kumpera yumutwe.Ibi byari byiza gupima urwego rwose rwubusa, silindrike cyangwa serefegitura.Ubundi iperereza ryashushanyije kumiterere yihariye, kurugero rwa quadrant, kugirango rushobore gupima ibintu byihariye.Iperereza ryakozwe ku mubiri ku murimo hamwe n'umwanya uri mu kirere usomwa uhereye kuri 3-axis ya digitale (DRO) cyangwa, muri sisitemu zateye imbere, winjira muri mudasobwa ukoresheje footswitch cyangwa igikoresho gisa nacyo.Ibipimo byafashwe nubu buryo bwo kubonana akenshi ntibyari byizewe kuko imashini zagendanwaga nintoki kandi buri mukoresha wimashini yakoresheje ingufu zingana kuri probe cyangwa yakoresheje uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima.

Iyindi terambere ryiyongereyeho moteri yo gutwara buri murongo.Abakora ntibagikeneye gukora kumashini kumubiri ariko barashobora gutwara buri axe bakoresheje agasanduku kanditseho handsticks muburyo bumwe nkimodoka zigezweho za kure.Ibipimo byukuri kandi byuzuye byateye imbere cyane muguhimba ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bikora.Intangiriro yiki gikoresho gishya cyiperereza ni David McMurtry waje gukora icyitwa Renishaw plc.Nubwo hakiri igikoresho cyo guhuza, iperereza ryari rifite umupira wuzuye ibyuma (nyuma umupira wa ruby).Nkuko iperereza ryakoze hejuru yikintu stylus yataye kandi icyarimwe yohereje amakuru ya X, Y, Z ihuza mudasobwa.Amakosa yo gupimwa yatewe nabakora ku giti cyabo yabaye make kandi hashyizweho urwego rwo gutangiza ibikorwa bya CNC no kuza kwimyaka ya CMM.

Ubushakashatsi bwiza ni lens-CCD-sisitemu, yimurwa nkubukanishi, kandi igamije aho ishimishije, aho gukora ku bikoresho.Ishusho yafashwe yubuso izashyirwa kumupaka widirishya ripima, kugeza igihe ibisigara bihagije kugirango bihabanye hagati yumukara numweru.Kugabanya umurongo birashobora kubarwa kugeza ku ngingo, aribwo bushakishwa bwo gupima umwanya.Ibisobanuro bitambitse kuri CCD ni 2D (XY) naho umwanya uhagaze ni umwanya wa sisitemu yuzuye yo kugenzura kuri stand Z-Drive (cyangwa ikindi kintu kigize ibikoresho).

Gusikana sisitemu yubushakashatsi

Hariho moderi nshya zifite probe zikurura hejuru yikigice gifata amanota mugihe cyagenwe, kizwi nka scanne probe.Ubu buryo bwo kugenzura CMM akenshi burasobanutse neza kuruta uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoraho-probe kandi inshuro nyinshi byihuse.

Igisekuru kizaza cyo gusikana, kizwi nka scanning scanning, ikubiyemo umuvuduko mwinshi wa laser point point triangulation, laser line scanning, hamwe na scan yumucyo wera, iratera imbere byihuse.Ubu buryo bukoresha ibiti bya laser cyangwa urumuri rwera ruteganijwe hejuru yikigice.Ibihumbi byinshi byingingo birashobora gufatwa hanyuma bigakoreshwa gusa kugenzura ingano nu mwanya, ariko gukora ishusho ya 3D y igice kimwe.Iyi "point-cloud data" irashobora kwimurwa muri software ya CAD kugirango ikore moderi ya 3D ikora igice.Scaneri ya optique ikoreshwa kenshi mubice byoroshye cyangwa byoroshye cyangwa kugirango byoroshye tekinoroji.

Micrometrology probe

Sisitemu yo kubaza kuri microscale metrology progaramu nubundi buryo bugaragara.Hariho imashini nyinshi zipima guhuza imashini zipima (CMM) zifite microprobe yinjijwe muri sisitemu, sisitemu yihariye muri laboratoire za leta, hamwe numubare uwo ariwo wose wubatswe na kaminuza ya metero ya metero ya microscale.Nubwo izo mashini ari nziza kandi mubihe byinshi urubuga rwiza rwa metrology rufite umunzani wa nanometrike, imbogamizi yambere yabo ni micro, nano probe yizewe, ikomeye.^[bikenewe]Inzitizi kuri tekinoroji ya microscale ikubiyemo gukenera igipimo kinini cyo kugereranya gitanga ubushobozi bwo kugera kubintu byimbitse, bigufi hamwe nimbaraga nke zo guhuza kugirango bitangiza ubuso nibisobanuro bihanitse (urwego rwa nanometero).^[bikenewe]Byongeye kandi, microscale probe irashobora kwibasirwa nibidukikije nkubushuhe nubusabane bwimiterere nko guterana amagambo (biterwa na adhesion, meniscus, na / cyangwa imbaraga za Van der Waals nibindi).^[bikenewe]

Tekinoroji yo kugera kuri microscale igerageza harimo verisiyo yagabanijwe ya classique ya CMM isanzwe, optique, hamwe na probe ihagaze mubindi.Nyamara, tekinoroji ya optique ntishobora gupimwa ntoya bihagije kugirango ipime ibintu byimbitse, bigufi, kandi imiterere ya optique igarukira kuburebure bwumucyo.Ishusho ya X-ray itanga ishusho yimiterere ariko nta makuru ya metero yakurikiranwa.

Amahame yumubiri

Ibyiza bya optique na / cyangwa laser probe birashobora gukoreshwa (niba bishoboka muguhuza), bihindura CMM mugupima microscopes cyangwa imashini zipima sensor nyinshi.Sisitemu ya projection ya sisitemu, sisitemu ya triangolite ya theodolite cyangwa sisitemu ya laser na sisitemu ya triangulaire ntabwo yitwa imashini zipima, ariko ibisubizo byo gupima ni bimwe: umwanya wumwanya.Laser probe ikoreshwa mugutahura intera iri hagati yubuso hamwe nu ngingo yerekanwe kumpera yumunyururu wa kinematike (urugero: iherezo ryibigize Z-Drive).Ibi birashobora gukoresha imikorere ya interferometrike, kwibanda kumurongo, guhinduranya urumuri cyangwa ihame ryigicucu.

Imashini ishobora guhuza imashini

Mugihe aba CMM gakondo bakoresha iperereza rigenda kumashoka atatu ya Cartesian kugirango bapime ibintu biranga ikintu, CMM zigendanwa zikoresha amaboko yavuzwe cyangwa, kubijyanye na CMM optique, sisitemu yo kubisikana idafite amaboko ikoresha uburyo bwa triangulaire optique kandi itanga umudendezo wuzuye wo kugenda. kuzenguruka ikintu.

Igendanwa rya CMM rifite amaboko asobanutse afite amashoka atandatu cyangwa arindwi afite ibikoresho bizenguruka, aho kuba umurongo.Intwaro zigendanwa ziroroshye (mubisanzwe munsi yibiro 20) kandi zirashobora gutwarwa no gukoreshwa hafi aho ariho hose.Nyamara, CMM optique iragenda ikoreshwa muruganda.Byashizweho na kamera yoroheje cyangwa materique ya kamera (nka Microsoft Kinect ya Microsoft), CMM optique ni ntoya kuruta CMM yimukanwa ifite intwaro, ntigaragaza insinga, kandi ituma abayikoresha bafata byoroshye gupima 3D yibintu byose biherereye hafi ya hose.

Porogaramu zimwe zidasubirwaho nka reaction yubuhanga, prototyping yihuse, hamwe nubugenzuzi bunini bwibice byingero zose bikwiranye na CMM zigendanwa.Inyungu za CMM zigendanwa ni nyinshi.Abakoresha bafite ubuhanga bwo gufata ibipimo bya 3D byubwoko bwose bwibice no ahantu kure cyane / bigoye.Biroroshye gukoresha kandi ntibisaba ibidukikije bigenzurwa kugirango bipime neza.Byongeye kandi, CMM zigendanwa zikunda kugura amafaranga make ugereranije na CMM gakondo.

Ubucuruzi bwihariye bwa CMM bugendanwa ni ibikorwa byintoki (burigihe bisaba umuntu kubikoresha).Mubyongeyeho, muri rusange ubunyangamugayo bwabo burashobora kuba butagaragara neza kurenza ubw'ikiraro cya CMM kandi ntibikwiriye kubisabwa bimwe.

Imashini zipima byinshi

Tekinoroji ya gakondo ya CMM ikoresheje gukoraho iperereza uyumunsi ikunze guhuzwa nubundi buhanga bwo gupima.Ibi birimo laser, videwo cyangwa ibyuma byerekana urumuri rwera kugirango bitange icyitwa gupima multisensor.