Ubukorikori bwagize uruhare rukomeye mumico yabantu mumyaka ibihumbi, biva mububumbyi bworoshye bugera kubikoresho bigezweho bitanga ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Mugihe abantu benshi bazi ububumbyi bwo murugo nkibisahani na vase, ubukerarugendo bwinganda bugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byindege, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, nubuvuzi. Nubwo dusangiye izina rusange, ibi byiciro byombi byerekana amashami atandukanye yibikoresho siyanse hamwe nibidasanzwe, imiterere, hamwe nibisabwa.
Igabana ry'ibanze mu bikoresho bya Ceramic
Urebye neza, icyayi cya farashi hamwe nicyuma cya turbine birasa nkaho bidafitanye isano birenze ibyiciro byabo. Uku gutandukana kugaragara guturuka kubutandukaniro bwibanze mubikoresho fatizo nibikorwa byo gukora. Ubukorikori bwo mu rugo - bakunze kwita “ububumbyi rusange” mu mvugo y’inganda - bushingira ku bihingwa gakondo bishingiye ku ibumba. Izi mvange mubisanzwe zihuza ibumba (30-50%), feldspar (25-40%), na quartz (20-30%) muburyo bukurikiranwa neza. Iyi formule yageragejwe-nukuri ntiyahindutse mugihe cyibinyejana byinshi, itanga uburinganire bwiza bwimirimo, imbaraga, nubushobozi bwiza.
Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, ubukerarugendo bwo mu nganda - cyane cyane “ubukerarugendo budasanzwe” - bugaragaza aho ibikoresho bigezweho. Izi nteruro zateye imbere zisimbuza ibumba gakondo hamwe nuburinganire bwuzuye bwa sintetike nka alumina (Al₂O₃), zirconiya (ZrO₂), nitride ya silicon (Si₃N₄), na karubide ya silicon (SiC). Nk’uko Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika Ceramic ribitangaza, ubwo buhanga mu bya tekinike bushobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe burenga 1,600 ° C mu gihe bugumana imiterere y’ubukanishi budasanzwe - inyungu ikomeye mu bidukikije bikabije kuva kuri moteri y’indege kugeza mu nganda zikoresha amashanyarazi.
Gutandukana kwinganda bigenda bigaragara cyane mugihe cyo gukora. Ubukorikori bwo mu rugo bukurikiza ubuhanga bwubahiriza igihe: gushiraho intoki cyangwa ibumba, kumisha ikirere, no kurasa rimwe ku bushyuhe buri hagati ya 1.000-1,300 ° C. Iyi nzira ishyira imbere ibiciro-bikora neza hamwe nubwiza buhebuje, butuma ibishashara bikora neza hamwe nibishushanyo mbonera bihabwa agaciro mumitako yo murugo hamwe nibikoresho byo kumeza.
Ubukorikori bwinganda busaba byinshi kurushaho. Umusaruro wabo urimo inzira zateye imbere nko gukanda isostatike kugirango habeho ubucucike bumwe no gucumura mu itanura ryikirere. Izi ntambwe zikuraho amakosa ya microscopique ashobora guhungabanya imikorere mubikorwa bikomeye. Igisubizo ni ibikoresho bifite imbaraga zoroshye zirenga MPa 1.000 ugereranije nibyuma bimwe na bimwe - mugihe bikomeza kurwanya ruswa no guhagarara neza.
Kugereranya Umutungo: Kurenga Ubuso butandukanye
Itandukaniro ryibikoresho ninganda bihinduranya neza imikorere iranga imikorere. Ubukorikori bwo murugo buhebuje mubikorwa bya buri munsi binyuze mu guhuza ubushobozi, gukora, hamwe nubushobozi bwo gushushanya. Ibyifuzo byabo, mubisanzwe 5-15%, bituma habaho kwinjiza glazes zikora ibintu byombi bikora neza kandi byiza. Nubwo imbaraga zihagije zo gukoresha burimunsi, aho ubushobozi bwabo bugarukira bugaragara mubihe bikabije - ihinduka ryubushyuhe butunguranye rishobora gutera gucika, kandi ingaruka zikomeye akenshi zitera gucika.
Ubukorikori bwinganda, butandukanye, bwakozwe kugirango batsinde izo mbogamizi. Ubukorikori bwa Zirconiya bwerekana ubukana bwavunitse burenga 10 MPa · m½ - inshuro nyinshi ubw'ubukorikori gakondo - bigatuma bukwiranye n'ibikoresho byubatswe mubidukikije. Nitride ya Silicon yerekana imbaraga zidasanzwe zo guhangana nubushyuhe, ikomeza ubunyangamugayo niyo ihindagurika ryubushyuhe bwihuse bwa 800 ° C cyangwa irenga. Iyi mitungo isobanura gukura kwabo mubikorwa-bikora cyane kuva ibice bya moteri yimodoka kugeza kubuvuzi.
Ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bikomeza gutandukanya ibyiciro. Ubukorikori busanzwe bwo murugo bukora nka insulator nziza, hamwe na dielectric constants hagati ya 6-10. Ibi biranga bituma biba byiza kubikorwa byamashanyarazi nkibikombe bya insulator cyangwa amatara yo gushushanya. Ibinyuranyo, ubukorikori bwihariye bwinganda zitanga amashanyarazi yihariye - kuva hejuru ya dielectric constants (10,000+) ya barium titanate ikoreshwa muri capacator kugeza kumyitwarire ya semiconducting ya karubide ya silikoni ikozwe mumashanyarazi.
Ubushobozi bwo gucunga ubushyuhe bugaragaza irindi tandukaniro rikomeye. Mugihe ubukorikori bwo murugo butanga ubushyuhe buciriritse bukwiranye nitanura, ububumbyi bwateye imbere nka nitride ya aluminium (AlN) butanga ubushyuhe burenga 200 W / (m · K) - bwegera ibyuma bimwe. Uyu mutungo watumye biba ingenzi mu gupakira ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, aho gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’ibikoresho no kwizerwa.
Porogaramu hirya no hino mu nganda: Kuva mu gikoni kugeza kuri Cosmos
Imiterere itandukanye yibi byiciro bya ceramic biganisha kumurongo utandukanye. Ubukorikori bwo murugo bukomeje kwiganza mubidukikije binyuze mubice bitatu byibanze byibicuruzwa: ibikoresho byo kumeza (amasahani, ibikombe, ibikombe), ibintu byo gushushanya (vase, ibishushanyo, ubukorikori bwurukuta), nibicuruzwa bifasha (amabati, ibikoresho byo guteka, ibikoresho byo kubikamo). Nk’uko Statista ikomeza ivuga, mu mwaka wa 2023, isoko ry’ubukorikori bwo mu rugo ku isi ryageze kuri miliyari 233 z'amadolari, bitewe n’ibikenerwa bikenerwa ku bicuruzwa by’ubutaka bukora ndetse n’uburanga.
Ubwinshi bwibumba byo murugo bugaragarira cyane mubikorwa byabo byo gushushanya. Ubuhanga bugezweho bwo guhuza bukomatanya ubukorikori gakondo hamwe nuburyo bwo gushushanya bugezweho, bikavamo ibice bitandukana kuva kumeza ntoya ya Scandinaviya yahumetswe kugeza kumeza yibikoresho byubuhanzi bishushanyije intoki. Uku guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere byatumye abakora ubukerarugendo bakomeza kugira akamaro ku isoko ry’ibicuruzwa byo mu rugo bigenda birushanwa.
Ubukorikori bwo mu nganda, ugereranije, bukora ahanini butarebwa na rubanda mugihe bushoboza tekinoroji igezweho. Urwego rwo mu kirere rugaragaza kimwe mu bisabwa cyane, aho nitride ya silicon na karbide ya silicon igabanya ibiro mugihe ihanganye nubushyuhe bukabije muri moteri ya turbine. GE Aviation ivuga ko ibikoresho bya ceramic matrix (CMCs) muri moteri yabo ya LEAP bigabanya gukoresha lisansi 15% ugereranije nibyuma gakondo.
Inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga nazo zakiriye ubuhanga bwa tekinike. Rukuruzi ya ogisijeni ya Zirconia ituma igenzurwa rya lisansi n’umwuka neza muri moteri zigezweho, mu gihe insulator za alumina zirinda sisitemu y’amashanyarazi ubushyuhe no kunyeganyega. Ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, byumwihariko, byungukira mubigize ceramic-biva muri alumina substrate muri catalitike ihindura amashanyarazi ya silicon karbide yamashanyarazi yongerera ingufu ingufu no kwihuta.
Gukora Semiconductor byerekana ikindi gice cyiterambere cyubukorikori bwinganda. Ibikoresho byinshi bya alumina na nitride ya aluminium bitanga isuku ikabije hamwe nubuyobozi bwumuriro busabwa muri Photolithography na etching inzira. Mugihe abakora chip basunika kuri node ntoya nubucucike bwimbaraga nyinshi, ibyifuzo byibikoresho byubutaka byateye imbere bikomeje kwihuta.
Porogaramu yubuvuzi yerekana wenda uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha ibikoresho bya tekinike. Gutera Zirconiya na alumina bitanga biocompatibilité hamwe nubukanishi bwegera amagufwa karemano. Biteganijwe ko isoko ry’ubuvuzi bw’ubutaka ku isi rizagera kuri miliyari 13.2 z'amadolari mu 2027 nk'uko bigaragazwa na Grand View Research, iterwa n’abaturage bageze mu za bukuru ndetse n’iterambere mu buryo bw’amagufwa n’amenyo.
Ihuriro ry'ikoranabuhanga hamwe n'ibizaza
Nubwo batandukanye, ubukerarugendo bwo murugo ninganda buragenda bungukirwa no kwanduzanya kwikoranabuhanga. Ubuhanga buhanitse bwo gukora butezimbere kubutaka bwa tekiniki burimo gushakisha inzira yibicuruzwa byo murugo bihebuje. Icapiro rya 3D, kurugero, ryemerera ibikoresho byabugenewe byabugenewe byabugenewe hamwe na geometrike igoye mbere bidashoboka hamwe nuburyo gakondo.
Ibinyuranye, ubwiza bwubwiza bwibumba byo murugo bigira ingaruka mubikorwa byinganda. Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi bigenda bigaragaramo ibintu bya ceramic ntabwo ari kubintu bya tekiniki gusa ahubwo no kubireba neza. Abakora Smartwatch nka Apple na Samsung bakoresha ceramics ya zirconia mugukurikirana amasaha, bagakoresha ibikoresho byo kurwanya ibintu ndetse nuburyo bugaragara kugirango batandukanye moderi zohejuru.
Impungenge zirambye zitera udushya mubyiciro byombi. Umusaruro wa ceramic gakondo ni imbaraga nyinshi, bigatuma ubushakashatsi mubikorwa byubushyuhe bwo hasi hamwe nibindi bikoresho fatizo. Inganda zikora ubukorikori zirimo gukora ubushakashatsi bwifu ya ceramic yongeye gukoreshwa, mugihe abahinzi bo murugo batezimbere ibinyabuzima byangiza kandi bigakorwa neza.
Iterambere rishimishije cyane, ariko, riri mu gukomeza gutera imbere mu buhanga bwa tekinike. Nanostructures ceramics isezeranya imbaraga nimbaraga zikomeye, mugihe materique ceramic matrix compte (CMCs) ihuza fibre ceramic hamwe na materique ceramic kubisabwa mbere bigarukira kuri superalloys. Ibi bishya bizarushaho kwagura imbibi zibyo ubukorikori bushobora kugeraho - kuva ibinyabiziga bikoresha hypersonic kugeza kuri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zizakurikiraho.
Nkuko dushima ubwiza bwa vase ceramic yakozwe nintoki cyangwa imikorere yibyo kurya byacu, birakwiye ko tumenya isi ibangikanye nubutaka bwateye imbere butuma ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Aya mashami yombi yibikoresho bya kera akomeje kwigenga yigenga ariko akomeza guhuzwa na ceramic ceramic-byerekana ko nibikoresho bya kera bishobora gutwara udushya dushya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-31-2025