Mu rwego rwo gukora ibintu neza, abantu benshi bakunze kwibeshya ko "ubucucike bwinshi = gukomera gukomeye = ubushishozi bwinshi". Ishingiro rya granite, rifite ubucucike bwa 2.6-2.8g/cm³ (7.86g/cm³ ku byuma bishongeshejwe), ryageze ku buziranenge burenze ubwa mikorometero cyangwa nanometero. Inyuma y'iki kintu "kidahuye n'imitekerereze" hari ubufatanye bwimbitse bwa mineralogiya, mekanike na tekiniki zo gutunganya. Ibi bikurikira bisesengura amahame ya siyansi ashingiye ku ngero enye z'ingenzi.
1. Ubucucike ≠ Ubukonje: Uruhare rw'ingenzi rw'imiterere y'ibikoresho
Imiterere ya granite "y'ubuki karemano"
Granite igizwe na kristu z'amabuye y'agaciro nka quartz (SiO₂) na feldspar (KAlSi₃O₈), zifatanye cyane n'imigozi ya ionic/covalent, zigakora imiterere isa n'ubuki. Iyi miterere iyiha imiterere idasanzwe:
Ingufu zo gukanda zigereranywa n'iz'icyuma gishongeshejwe: zigera kuri 100-200 mpa (100-250 mpa ku cyuma gishongeshejwe cy'umukara), ariko modulus yoroshye ni ntoya (70-100 gpa ugereranyije na 160-200 gpa ku cyuma gishongeshejwe), bivuze ko nta bushobozi bwo guhindagurika kwa pulasitiki buhari iyo bukoreshejwe ingufu.
Irekurwa ry’ingufu z’imbere mu buryo busanzwe: Granite imaze imyaka amagana ishaje mu buryo bw’ubutaka, kandi ingufu z’imbere zisigara zigera kuri zeru. Iyo icyuma gikonjeshejwe (hamwe n’umuvuduko wo gukonjesha > 50℃ / s), irakorwa ingufu z’imbere zigera kuri 50-100 mpa, zigomba gukurwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gufunga. Iyo itavuwe neza, irashobora kwangirika mu gihe ikoreshwa igihe kirekire.
2. Imiterere y'icyuma "kifite inenge nyinshi" cy'icyuma gishongeshejwe
Icyuma gikozwe mu cy ...
Ishusho ya grafiti: Grafiti y'urukiramende ingana na "microcracks" z'imbere, bigatuma icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gitwara imizigo kigabanukaho 30%-50%. Nubwo imbaraga zo gukanda ari nyinshi, imbaraga zo gukanda ni nke (ni 1/5-1/10 gusa y'imbaraga zo gukanda), kandi ikunze gucika bitewe n'ubwinshi bw'imihangayiko yo mu gace runaka.
Ubucucike bwinshi ariko bungana: Icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma kirimo karuboni hagati ya 2% na 4%. Mu gihe cyo gucukura, gutandukanya ibice bya karuboni bishobora gutuma ubucucike buhindagurika bwa ± 3%, mu gihe granite ifite ubucucike bungana bwa 95%, bigatuma imiterere yayo ihora ihamye.
Icya kabiri, inyungu nziza yo kuba ubucucike buke: kugabanya ubushyuhe n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere inshuro ebyiri
"Inyungu karemano" yo kugenzura ubushyuhe
Igipimo cy'ubushyuhe gitandukanye cyane: granite ni 0.6-5×10⁻⁶/℃, mu gihe icyuma gishongeshejwe ari 10-12×10⁻⁶/℃. Fata urugero rw'ishingiro rya metero 10. Iyo ubushyuhe buhindutseho 10℃:
Kwaguka no gukata kwa granite: 0.06-0.5mm
Kwaguka no gufungana kw'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma: 1-1.2mm
Iri tandukaniro rituma granite iba hafi "zero deformation" mu kirere kigenzurwa neza n'ubushyuhe (nk'aho ± 0.5℃ mu icupa rya semiconductor), mu gihe icyuma gisaba ubundi buryo bwo kwishyura ubushyuhe.
Itandukaniro ry’ubushyuhe: Ubushyuhe bwa granite ni 2-3W/(m · K), ni 1/20-1/30 gusa y’ubw’icyuma gishongeshejwe (50-80W/(m · K)). Mu bihe byo gushyushya ibikoresho (nk’igihe ubushyuhe bwa moteri bugera kuri 60℃), ubushyuhe bw’ubuso bwa granite buri munsi ya 0.5℃/m, mu gihe ubw’icyuma gishongeshejwe bushobora kugera kuri 5-8℃/m, bigatuma habaho kwaguka gutandukanye mu gace runaka no kugira ingaruka ku kugororoka kw’inzira y’umuhanda.
2. Ingaruka "zo kugabanya umuvuduko" mu buryo bw'umwimerere zo kugabanya umuvuduko
Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ingufu z'imbere mu mupaka w'ibinyampeke: Uduce duto tw'ingufu n'ihindagurika ry'umupaka w'ibinyampeke hagati ya kristu za granite bishobora gukwirakwiza vuba ingufu z'ingufu z'ingufu, hamwe n'igipimo cyo gushonga cya 0.3-0.5 (mu gihe ku byuma bishongeshejwe ari 0.05-0.1 gusa). Igerageza ryerekana ko mu mupaka w'ibinyampeke wa 100Hz:
Bifata amasegonda 0.1 kugira ngo ubunini bwa granite bubore bugere kuri 10%
Icupa rikozwe mu cyuma rifata amasegonda 0.8
Iri tandukaniro rituma granite ishobora guhagarara ako kanya mu bikoresho byimuka cyane (nk'isuzuma rya metero 2/s ry'umutwe upfuka), birinda inenge y' "ibimenyetso byo gutigita".
Ingaruka mbi z'uburemere butagira ingufu: Ubucucike buke bivuze ko uburemere buba buto mu rugero rumwe, kandi imbaraga zitagira ingufu (F=ma) n'umuvuduko (p=mv) by'igice kigenda biri hasi. Urugero, iyo icyuma cya granite gantry cya metero 10 (gipima toni 12) cyihutishijwe kugeza kuri 1.5G ugereranije n'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma (toni 20), ingufu zisabwa zigabanukaho 40%, ingaruka zo gutangira zikagabanuka, kandi uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibintu neza burushaho kunozwa.
III. Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ibintu "ridafite ubucucike"
1. Gushobora guhuza no gutunganya neza cyane
"Ku rwego rwa kristale" kugenzura gusya no gusya: Nubwo ubukana bwa granite (6-7 ku gipimo cya Mohs) buri hejuru y’ubw’icyuma gishongeshejwe (4-5 ku gipimo cya Mohs), imiterere yayo y’amabuye y’agaciro ni imwe kandi ishobora gukurwaho hakoreshejwe atome binyuze mu gusya diyama + magnetorheological (ubugari bwa polishing imwe < 10nm), kandi ubukana bwa Ra bushobora kugera kuri 0.02μm (urugero rwa mirror). Ariko, bitewe n’uko hari uduce tworoshye twa grafiti mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, "ingaruka za furplough" zikunze kubaho mu gihe cyo gusya, kandi ubukana bwa face face biragoye kuba munsi ya Ra 0.8μm.
Akamaro ko "gukata gake" k'imashini za CNC: Mu gutunganya granite, imbaraga zo gukata ni 1/3 gusa cy'icyuma gishongeshejwe (kubera ubucucike bwacyo buke n'uburyo buto bwo gukamura), bigatuma habaho umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka mwinshi (impinduka 100.000 ku munota) n'umuvuduko wo kugaburira (5000mm/min), bigabanya kwangirika kw'ibikoresho no kongera imikorere myiza. Icyitonderwa cy'imashini gifite umurongo wa gatanu kigaragaza ko igihe cyo gutunganya imiyoboro ya granite iyobora inzira y'amashanyarazi ari gitoho 25% ugereranyije n'icyuma gishongeshejwe, mu gihe ubuziranenge burushaho kwiyongera bukagera kuri ±2μm.
2. Itandukaniro mu "ingaruka zunganira" z'amakosa yo guteranya
Uburyo igice cy’umuyoboro cy’uburemere bw’ibice byagabanijwe: Ibice nka moteri n’imirongo iyobora hamwe n’ibice bifite ubucucike buke bishobora koroshywa icyarimwe. Urugero, iyo imbaraga za moteri igororotse zagabanutseho 30%, gutanga ubushyuhe bwayo no guhindagura kwayo nabyo biragabanuka, bigatuma habaho uruziga rwiza rw’ "ubuziranenge bunoze - ikoreshwa ry’ingufu rigabanuka".
Kugumana neza igihe kirekire: Ubudahangarwa bwa granite bungana n'ubudahangarwa inshuro 15 bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe (quartz irwanya aside na alkali). Mu bidukikije bya aside semiconductor, ihinduka ry'ubuso nyuma y'imyaka 10 ikoreshwa riba riri munsi ya 0.02μm, mu gihe icyuma gishongeshejwe gikeneye gusya no gusanwa buri mwaka, hamwe n'ikosa ry'umubare wa ±20μm.
Iv. Ibimenyetso by'inganda: Urugero rwiza rw'ubucucike buke ≠ Umusaruro muke
Ibikoresho byo gupima ibikoresho bya semiconductor
Amakuru ajyanye n'urutonde runaka rw'igenzura rya wafer:
2. Ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho
Agace k’icyuma gapima infrared ka Telescope ya NASA ya James Webb gakozwe muri granite. Ni mu buryo nyabwo bwo gukoresha ubucucike bwayo buke (kugabanya umutwaro wa satelite) no kwaguka kwayo mu bushyuhe buke (buhamye ku bushyuhe buri hasi cyane bwa -270℃) ko guhuza neza kwa optique mu rwego rwa nano-level bigerwaho, mu gihe ibyago byo kwangirika kw’icyuma gishongeshejwe mu bushyuhe buri hasi bikurwaho.
Umwanzuro: "Guhanga udushya mu buryo bunyuranyije n'ubwenge" mu bumenyi bw'ibikoresho
Inyungu y’ubuziranenge bw’ibice bya granite mu by’ukuri iri mu ntsinzi y’ibintu mu buryo bw’ubwenge bw’ “uburyo bungana bw’imiterere > ubucucike, ubushyuhe buhamye > ubukonje bworoshye”. Ntabwo gusa ubucucike bwayo buke butabaye intege nke, ahubwo bwanageze ku ntambwe yo ku buziranenge binyuze mu bipimo nko kugabanya ubucucike, kunoza uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe, no guhuza no gutunganya neza cyane. Iki kintu kigaragaza itegeko ry’ingenzi ryo gukora neza: imiterere y’ibikoresho ni uburinganire bwuzuye bw’ibipimo byinshi aho kuba kwegeranya ibipimo bimwe byoroshye. Hamwe n’iterambere rya nanotechnology n’inganda zikoresha ibidukikije, ibikoresho bya granite bifite ubucucike buke kandi bifite imikorere myiza birimo kuvugurura uburyo inganda zibona ibintu "biremereye" kandi "byoroheje", "bikomeye" kandi "bihindagurika", bifungura inzira nshya zo gukora ibintu bifite imiterere yo hejuru.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-19-2025