Uburyo icyenda bwo gushushanya neza ibumba rya zirconia

Uburyo icyenda bwo gushushanya neza ibumba rya zirconia
Uburyo bwo gushushanya bufite uruhare runini mu gutegura ibikoresho bya ceramic, kandi ni ingenzi mu kwemeza ko imikorere yabyo ari ingirakamaro kandi ko ibikoresho n'ibice bya ceramic bishobora kongera gukorwa.
Bitewe n'iterambere ry'umuryango, uburyo gakondo bwo gukurura intoki, uburyo bwo gukora ibiziga, uburyo bwo gukurura, nibindi bya keramike gakondo ntibishobora guhaza ibyifuzo bya sosiyete ya none byo gukora no kunoza, bityo havutse uburyo bushya bwo gukurura. Ibikoresho bya keramike bya ZrO2 bikoreshwa cyane mu bwoko 9 bukurikira bwo gukurura (ubwoko 2 bw'uburyo bwumye n'ubwoko 7 bw'uburyo bwo gukurura):

1. Gutera ibyuma byumye

1.1 Gukaranga byumye

Gukanda byumye bikoresha igitutu kugira ngo bikandagire ifu ya seramike mu ishusho runaka y'umubiri. Ishingiro ryayo ni uko iyo imbaraga zo hanze zikoreshejwe, uduce tw'ifu twegerana mu ifu, kandi tugahuzwa cyane no gukandagira imbere kugira ngo dukomeze kugira ishusho runaka. Inenge nyamukuru mu mibiri y'icyatsi kibisi ikandagiye ni ugukandagirana, biterwa n'ugukandagirana imbere hagati y'ifu n'ugukandagirana hagati y'ifu n'urukuta rw'ifu, bigatuma igitutu kigabanuka mu mubiri.

Ibyiza byo gukaranga byumye ni uko ingano y'umubiri w'icyatsi kibisi ari nziza, imikorere yayo yoroshye, kandi byoroshye kuyikoresha mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga; ubushuhe n'ibifunga mu gukaranga byumye byumye ni bike, kandi kumisha no gutwika ni bike. Bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibintu bifite imiterere yoroshye, kandi igipimo cy'imiterere ni gito. Ikiguzi cyo kongera umusaruro giterwa no kwangirika kw'ibihumyo ni ingaruka mbi zo gukaranga byumye.

1.2 Gukanda Isostatic

Gukanda isostatic ni uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora hashingiwe ku gukanda byumye bisanzwe. Bukoresha umuvuduko w'amazi kugira ngo bushyire umuvuduko ku ifu iri mu ibumba rinini riva mu mpande zose. Bitewe n'uko umuvuduko w'imbere w'amazi uhoraho, ifu ifite umuvuduko umwe mu mpande zose, bityo itandukaniro mu bucucike bw'icyatsi kibisi rishobora kwirindwa.

Gukanda isostatic bigabanyijemo gukanda isostatic mu mufuka w'amazi n'ugukanda isostatic mu mufuka w'umukungugu w'amazi. Gukanda isostatic mu mufuka w'amazi bishobora gukora ibicuruzwa bifite imiterere igoye, ariko bishobora gukora rimwe na rimwe. Gukanda isostatic mu mufuka w'umukungugu w'amazi bishobora gukora byikora, ariko bishobora gukora gusa ibicuruzwa bifite imiterere yoroshye nk'impande kare, izengurutse, n'imiyoboro. Gukanda isostatic bishobora kubona umubiri umwe kandi wuzuye w'icyatsi kibisi, hamwe n'igabanuka rito ry'umuriro n'igabanuka ringana mu mpande zose, ariko ibikoresho biragoye kandi birahenze, kandi umusaruro ntuba uri hejuru, kandi bibereye gusa mu gukora ibikoresho bifite ibisabwa byihariye.

2. Gukora ibintu bitose

2.1 Guteranya ingano
Uburyo bwo gushushanya ibumba busa n'ubwo gukata kaseti, itandukaniro ni uko uburyo bwo gushushanya burimo uburyo bwo gukura amazi mu mubiri no gufungana kw'imiti. Gukura amazi mu mubiri bikuraho amazi mu bumba binyuze mu gikorwa cya capillary cy'ibumba rya gypsum rifite imyenge. Ca2+ ikomoka ku gushonga k'ubuso bwa CaSO4 yongera imbaraga za iyoni z'ibumba, bigatuma bumba rihindagurika.
Mu gihe cyo kubura amazi mu mubiri no gufungana kw'imiti, uduce tw'ifu ya ceramic tubikwa ku rukuta rwa gypsum mold. Grouting ikwiriye gutegura ibice binini bya ceramic bifite imiterere igoye, ariko ubwiza bw'umubiri w'icyatsi kibisi, harimo imiterere, ubucucike, imbaraga, nibindi, ni bubi, imbaraga z'abakozi ni nyinshi, kandi ntikwiriye gukoreshwa mu bikorwa byikora.

2.2 Gucana icyuma gishyushye
Gucana ifu ishyushye ni ukuvanga ifu ya ceramic na parafini ku bushyuhe buri hejuru (60 ~ 100℃) kugira ngo haboneke ururenda rwo gucana ifu ishyushye. Ururenda rushyirwa mu cyuma gikozwe mu mwuka ufunze, kandi igitutu kigakomeza. Gukonjesha, bigakurwamo kugira ngo haboneke ururenda, ururenda rudafunguye rurakurwaho rurinzwe n'ifu idafunguye kugira ngo haboneke ururenda rw'icyatsi kibisi, kandi ururenda rw'icyatsi kibisi rucanwa ku bushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo ruhinduke porcelain.

Umubiri w'icyatsi kibisi ukozwe mu gutwika ushyushye ufite ingano zihamye, imiterere y'imbere isa, ingirangingo nke z'ibihumyo kandi imikorere yayo irakora neza, kandi ikwiriye ibikoresho bitandukanye. Ubushyuhe bw'urushundura rw'ibishishwa n'ibihumyo bigomba kugenzurwa neza, bitabaye ibyo bizatera inshinge cyangwa guhinduka, bityo ntibikwiriye gukorwamo ibice binini, kandi inzira yo gutwika mu ntambwe ebyiri iragoye kandi ikoreshwa ry'ingufu ni nyinshi.

2.3 Gutera kaseti
Gucana kaseti ni ukuvanga ifu ya keramike n'ibinini byinshi by'ibinyabutabire, pulasitiki, ibicanwa, nibindi kugira ngo ubone ubushyuhe bushobora gutemba, kongeramo ubushyuhe mu gikoresho cyo gucukuramo imashini, no gukoresha agakoresho ko gukata kugira ngo kagenzure ubugari. Busohoka bujya ku mukandara unyura mu munwa wo kugaburira, maze agace karimo agace kaboneka nyuma yo kuma.

Iyi gahunda ikwiriye mu gutegura ibikoresho bya firime. Kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bworoshye bwo guhindura imiterere y’ibimera, hongerwamo ibintu byinshi by’umwimerere, kandi ibipimo by’imikorere bigomba kugenzurwa neza, bitabaye ibyo bizatera inenge nko gukurura, imirongo, imbaraga nke cyangwa gukurura bigoranye. Ibintu by’umwimerere bikoreshwa ni uburozi kandi bizatera umwanda ku bidukikije, kandi sisitemu idahumanya cyangwa ifite uburozi buke igomba gukoreshwa uko ishoboye kose kugira ngo igabanye umwanda ku bidukikije.

2.4 Gutera inshinge za gel
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya gel ni uburyo bushya bwo gushushanya gel vuba bwavumbuwe bwa mbere n'abashakashatsi bo muri Laboratwari y'Igihugu ya Oak Ridge mu ntangiriro za 1990. Ishingiro ryabwo ni ikoreshwa ry'ibisubizo bya monomer organic bihindura polymere bikavamo gels zikomeye kandi zifatanye impande.

Urusenda rw'ifu ya keramike ishongeshejwe mu gisubizo cya monomer organic rushyirwa mu ibumba, maze uruvange rwa monomer ruhinduka polymere kugira ngo rukore igice cya gel. Kubera ko polymer-solvent ifitanye isano iri hagati ya 10%–20% (igice kinini) ya polymere gusa, biroroshye gukuramo solvent mu gice cya gel hakoreshejwe intambwe yo kumisha. Muri icyo gihe, bitewe n'aho polymere zihurira, polymere ntizishobora kwimukana n'solvent mu gihe cyo kumisha.

Ubu buryo bushobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibice bya ceramic bifite icyiciro kimwe n'ibivanze, bishobora gukora ibice bya ceramic bifite ishusho ikomeye, bingana n'umuyoboro, kandi imbaraga zabyo z'icyatsi kibisi zikaba zingana na 20-30Mpa cyangwa zirenga, zishobora kongera gutunganywa. Ikibazo nyamukuru cy'ubu buryo ni uko igipimo cyo kugabanuka k'umubiri w'urusoro kiba kiri hejuru mu gihe cyo kwiyongera kw'uturemangingo, ibyo bikaba byatera kuhinduka k'umubiri w'urusoro; amwe mu ma monomer y'ibinyabuzima afite ubushobozi bwo guhagarika ogisijeni, bigatuma ubuso butoha kandi bukagwa; bitewe n'uburyo bwo gupomera monomer y'umwimerere buterwa n'ubushyuhe, bigatuma gukaraba ubushyuhe bitera kubaho stress imbere, bigatuma imyanya idafite isura icika n'ibindi.

2.5 Gutera inshinge zo gukonjesha mu buryo butaziguye
Gutera inshinge mu buryo butaziguye ni ikoranabuhanga ryakozwe na ETH Zurich: amazi ashongesha, ifu ya ceramic n'ibindi birungo by'umwimerere bivanze neza kugira ngo bikoremo ururenda rudahindagurika, rufite ubukana buke, rufite ubukana bwinshi, rushobora guhinduka hongerwamo pH cyangwa imiti yongera electrolyte, hanyuma ururenda rushyirwa mu ifu idakoresha imyenge.

Genzura uko ibintu bigenda mu mikorere y’ibinyabutabire mu gihe cy’igikorwa. Imyitozo mbere yo gushingwa ikorwa buhoro buhoro, ubukana bw’ibinyabutabire buguma hasi, kandi imyitozo yihuta nyuma yo gushingwa inshinge, ibinyabutabire birakomera, kandi ibinyabutabire bihinduka umubiri ukomeye. Umubiri w’icyatsi kibisi wabonetse ufite imiterere myiza ya mekanike kandi imbaraga zishobora kugera kuri 5kPa. Umubiri w’icyatsi kibisi urakurwaho, wumishwa hanyuma ugatogoteshwa kugira ngo habeho igice cya ceramic cy’imiterere wifuza.

Ibyiza byayo ni uko idakeneye cyangwa ikeneye gusa ingano nto y’inyongeramusaruro z’umwimerere (munsi ya 1%), umubiri w’icyatsi ntugomba gukurwamo amavuta, ubucucike bw’umubiri w’icyatsi ni bumwe, ubucucike buri hejuru (55% ~ 70%), kandi ishobora gukora ibice binini kandi bifite ishusho igoye ya ceramic. Ububi bwayo ni uko inyongeramusaruro zihenze, kandi gaze muri rusange irekurwa mu gihe cyo gukora ibizamini.

2.6 Gutera inshinge mu gushushanya
Gutera inshinge byakoreshejwe kuva kera mu gutunganya ibikoresho bya pulasitiki no gutunganya ibishushanyo by'ibyuma. Ubu buryo bukoresha uburyo bwo gupima ubushyuhe buke bwa thermoplastic organics cyangwa gupima ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa thermosetting organics. Ifu n'ibikoresho bya organic bivangwa mu bikoresho byihariye byo kuvanga, hanyuma bigashyirwa mu ibishushanyo munsi y'umuvuduko mwinshi (kugera kuri mirongo kugeza kuri magana ya MPa). Kubera umuvuduko munini wa form, imyanya yabonetse ifite ingano nyayo, uburyohe bwinshi n'imiterere mito; gukoresha ibikoresho byihariye byo gushushanya byongera cyane umusaruro.

Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1970 no mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1980, uburyo bwo gushushanya hakoreshejwe inshinge bwakoreshejwe mu gushushanya ibice bya ceramic. Ubu buryo butuma ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bihindukamo ibintu bidafite akamaro byongerwamo ibintu byinshi by’umwimerere, ari na byo bikorwa bisanzwe mu gushushanya pulasitiki ya ceramic. Mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya hakoreshejwe inshinge, uretse gukoresha thermoplastic organics (nka polyethylene, polystyrene), thermosetting organics (nka epoxy resin, phenolic resin), cyangwa polymers zishongesha amazi nk'ikintu nyamukuru gifata, ni ngombwa kongeramo ingano zimwe na zimwe z'ibikoresho nk'ibyuma bitera pulasitiki, amavuta n'ibikoresho byo guhuza kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo gushushanya ceramic no kwemeza ubwiza bw'umubiri wa ceramic.

Uburyo bwo gushushanya hakoreshejwe inshinge bufite ibyiza byo kuba urwego rwo hejuru rw’imikorere ikora kandi ingano nyayo y’ubuso bw’ibumba. Ariko, ingano y’ibinyabuzima mu mubiri w’icyatsi kibisi cy’ibice bya ceramic byakozwe hakoreshejwe inshinge ni 50 vol. Bifata igihe kirekire, ndetse n’iminsi myinshi kugeza ku minsi myinshi, kugira ngo ibyo bintu bikomoka ku bimera bikureho mu buryo bukurikiraho, kandi biroroshye guteza inenge mu bwiza.

2.7 Gutera inshinge za Colloidal
Mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by’ubwinshi bw’ibintu by’umwimerere byongewemo n’ingorane zo gukuraho ingorane mu buryo busanzwe bwo gushushanya inshinge, Kaminuza ya Tsinghua yatanze igitekerezo ku buryo bushya bwo gushushanya inshinge za keramike, inakora ku giti cyayo igishushanyo mbonera cy’inshinge za keramike kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo gutera inshinge za keramike.

Igitekerezo cy'ibanze ni uguhuza ibumba rya colloidal n'ibumba rikoresha inshinge, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byihariye byo gutera inshinge hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gukosora ritangwa n'uburyo bwo gushushanya bwa colloidal in-situ. Ubu buryo bushya bukoresha munsi ya 4wt.% by'ibintu by'umwimerere. Ingano nto ya monomer cyangwa ibintu by'umwimerere biri mu mazi bikoreshwa mu gutuma monomer za organic zikora vuba nyuma yo guterwa mu ibumba kugira ngo habeho urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, ruzunguruka neza ifu ya ceramic. Muri byo, si igihe cyo gukuramo inshinge gusa kigabanuka cyane, ahubwo n'ubushobozi bwo gukuramo inshinge buragabanuka cyane.

Hari itandukaniro rinini hagati yo gushushanya ibikoresho bya keramike n'uburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu bya keramike. Itandukaniro rikomeye ni uko icya mbere kiri mu cyiciro cy'uburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu bya pulasitiki, naho icya kabiri kikaba mu buryo bwo gushushanya ibintu bya keramike, ni ukuvuga ko uburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu bwa keramike butagira plasticity kandi ni ibikoresho bidafite plasticity. Kubera ko uburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu bwa keramike butagira plasticity, igitekerezo gakondo cyo gushushanya ibintu bya keramike ntigishobora kwemerwa. Iyo uburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu bya keramike buhujwe n'uburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu bya keramike, uburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu bya keramike bukorwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byihariye byo gushushanya ibintu bya keramike n'ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gukosora ibintu ritangwa n'uburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu bya keramike.

Uburyo bushya bwo gushushanya ibumba rya kolloidal mu buryo bwo gushushanya ibumba butandukanye n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gushushanya ibumba rya kolloidal n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gushushanya ibumba. Akamaro ko gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu buryo bwo gushushanya ni uguhindura imiterere y’uburyo bwo gushushanya ibumba rya kolloidal, bizaba icyizere cy’inganda mu gushushanya ibumba rya kolloidal mu buryo bugezweho.