1. Igenzura ryimbitse ry'ubuziranenge bw'isura
Igenzura ryimbitse ry’ubwiza bw’isura ni intambwe y’ingenzi mu gutanga no kwakira ibice bya granite. Ibipimo by’ibipimo byinshi bigomba kwemezwa kugira ngo harebwe ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa mu gishushanyo n’uburyo bikoreshwa. Ibipimo bikurikira by’igenzura bikubiye mu byiciro bine by’ingenzi: ubuziranenge, ubwiza bw’ubuso, ingano n’imiterere, hamwe n’ibirango n’ibipfunyika:
Igenzura ry'ubunyangamugayo
Ibice bya granite bigomba gupimwa neza kugira ngo bitaba ibyangiritse ku mubiri. Inenge zigira ingaruka ku mbaraga n'imikorere y'inyubako, nk'imyanya yo hejuru, impande zacitse n'imfuruka, imyanda yashyizwemo, imvune, cyangwa inenge, birabujijwe cyane. Dukurikije ibisabwa biheruka bya GB/T 18601-2024 "Imbaho zo kubaka za Granite karemano," umubare wemewe w'inenge nk'imyanya wagabanutse cyane ugereranije n'ingero zisanzwe z'ubuziranenge, kandi ingingo zijyanye n'amabara n'inenge z'umurongo w'amabara muri verisiyo yo mu 2009 zarakuweho, bikomeza gushimangira ubuziranenge bw'inyubako. Ku bice bifite imiterere yihariye, hakenewe igenzura ryinshi ry'ubuziranenge bw'inyubako nyuma yo gutunganywa kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kwihishe guterwa n'imiterere igoye. Amahame Ngenderwaho: GB/T 20428-2006 "Rock Leveler" ivuga neza ko ubuso n'impande z'aho urwego rukorera bigomba kuba bidafite inenge nk'imyanya, imiterere idakomeye, ibimenyetso byo kwangirika, ubushye, n'ibisebe byagira ingaruka zikomeye ku isura n'imikorere.
Ubwiza bw'ubuso
Isuzuma ry'ubuziranenge bw'ubuso rigomba gusuzuma uburyo bworoshye, ubw'urumuri, n'uburyo amabara ahurirana:
Ubukana bw'ubuso: Ku bijyanye n'ubuhanga bugezweho, ubukana bw'ubuso bugomba kuba bufite Ra ≤ 0.63μm. Ku bijyanye n'ubukana rusange, ibi bishobora kugerwaho hakurikijwe amasezerano. Amwe mu masosiyete atunganya ibintu ku rwego rwo hejuru, nka Sishui County Huayi Stone Craft Factory, ashobora kugera ku buso bwa Ra ≤ 0.8μm akoresheje ibikoresho byo gusya no gusiga byoherejwe mu mahanga.
Umucyo: Ubuso bw'indorerwamo (JM) bugomba kuba bufite urumuri rwa ≥ 80GU (ASTM C584 standard), rupimwe hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima urumuri cya kinyamwuga munsi y'amatara asanzwe. Kugenzura itandukaniro ry'amabara: Ibi bigomba gukorwa ahantu hatari urumuri rw'izuba. "Uburyo bwo gushyiraho plate isanzwe" bushobora gukoreshwa: imbaho ziva mu itsinda rimwe zishyirwa hasi mu iduka ry'ibishushanyo, kandi ihinduka ry'amabara n'ibinyampeke bigahindurwa kugira ngo habeho imiterere rusange. Ku bicuruzwa bifite imiterere yihariye, kugenzura itandukaniro ry'amabara bisaba intambwe enye: ibyiciro bibiri byo guhitamo ibikoresho bikozwe mu kirombe no mu ruganda, imiterere ishingiye ku mazi no guhindura amabara nyuma yo gukata no gutandukanya, hamwe n'imiterere ya kabiri no gutunganya neza nyuma yo gusya no gusya. Amwe mu masosiyete ashobora kugera ku buziranenge bw'itandukaniro ry'amabara rya ΔE ≤ 1.5.
Ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo n'imiterere
Uruvange rw' "ibikoresho by'ubuhanga + ibipimo bisanzwe" rukoreshwa kugira ngo harebwe ko ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira imiterere n'imiterere y'igipimo buhuye n'ibisabwa mu gishushanyo:
Ibikoresho byo gupima: Koresha ibikoresho nka vernier calipers (ubuziranenge ≥ 0.02mm), mikorometero (ubuziranenge ≥ 0.001mm), na interferometer za laser. Interferometer za laser zigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yo gupima nka JJG 739-2005 na JB/T 5610-2006. Igenzura ry'Ubugari: Dukurikije GB/T 11337-2004 "Gutahura amakosa yo mu buryo burambuye," ikosa ryo mu buryo burambuye ripimwa hakoreshejwe interferometer ya laser. Ku bijyanye n'uburyo burambuye, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bugomba kuba ≤0.02mm/m (bikurikije ubuziranenge bwa Class 00 bwavuzwe muri GB/T 20428-2006). Ibikoresho bisanzwe by'impapuro bishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ubugari, urugero, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu byo mu buryo burambuye ku mpapuro zikozwe mu buryo burambuye ni ≤0.80mm ku rwego rwa A, ≤1.00mm ku rwego rwa B, na ≤1.50mm ku rwego rwa C.
Ubwihangane mu Bunini: Ku bikoresho by'impapuro byarangiye neza, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubunini (H) bugenzurwa kuba: ± 0.5mm ku Gipimo cya A, ± 1.0mm ku Gipimo cya B, na ± 1.5mm ku Gipimo cya C, kuri H ≤12mm. Ibikoresho byo gukata bya CNC byikora byikora bishobora kugumana ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira uburebure bwa ≤0.5mm.
Gushyiramo ikimenyetso no gupakira
Ibisabwa mu Gushyira Ikimenyetso: Ubuso bw'ibice bugomba kuba bufite ikimenyetso kigaragara kandi kirambye kiriho amakuru nk'icyitegererezo, ibisobanuro, inomero y'itsinda, n'itariki yo gukorerwaho. Ibice bifite imiterere yihariye bigomba kandi kuba birimo inomero yo gutunganya kugira ngo byorohereze gukurikirana no guhuza ishyirwaho. Ibisobanuro byo Gushyiramo: Gushyiramo bigomba kubahiriza GB/T 191 “Gushyiramo Igishushanyo cy'Amashusho yo Gupakira, Kubika, no Gutwara.” Ibimenyetso birwanya ubushuhe n'ihungabana bigomba gushyirwaho, kandi ingamba eshatu zo kurinda zigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa: ① Shyira amavuta yo kurwanya ingese ku buso bukoraho; ② Upfundike ifuro rya EPE; ③ Ushyireho ipaleti y'ibiti, kandi ushyireho udupapuro two kwirinda kunyerera munsi y'ipaleti kugira ngo wirinde kugenda mu gihe cyo gutwara. Ku bice byakusanyijwe, bigomba gupakirwa hakurikijwe igishushanyo mbonera cy'imibare kugira ngo hirindwe urujijo mu gihe cyo guteranya ahantu.
Uburyo Bufatika bwo Kugenzura Itandukaniro ry'Amabara: Ibikoresho bya bloc bitoranywa hakoreshejwe "uburyo bwo gutera amazi ku mpande esheshatu." Imashini yabugenewe yo gutera amazi itera amazi ku buso bw'bloc. Nyuma yo kumisha hakoreshejwe uburyo buhoraho bwo gukanda, bloc irasuzumwa kugira ngo irebe niba hari ibinyampeke, ibara ritandukanye, imyanda, n'ibindi bidafite ishingiro mu gihe ikiri yumye gato. Ubu buryo bugaragaza neza itandukaniro ry'amabara rihishe kuruta uko byagenwe mu isuzuma ry'amaso.
2. Isuzuma rya siyansi ry'imiterere y'umubiri
Gupima imiterere y’ibintu mu buryo bwa siyansi ni igice cy’ingenzi mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’ibice bya granite. Binyuze mu gupima ku buryo buhamye ibimenyetso by’ingenzi nko gukomera, ubucucike, ubushyuhe buhamye, no kudashira, dushobora gusuzuma neza imiterere y’ibikoresho n’uburyo serivisi zirambye zizewemo. Ibi bikurikira bisobanura uburyo bwo gupima mu buryo bwa siyansi n’ibisabwa mu buryo bwa tekiniki uhereye ku mpande enye.
Isuzuma ry'ubukomere
Ubukomere ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cy'uko granite idakira cyangwa ngo ishaje, ibyo bikaba bigena neza igihe igikoresho gikorera. Ubukomere bwa Mohs bugaragaza uburyo imiterere y'ikintu irakira iyo ishaje, mu gihe ubukomere bwa Shore bugaragaza imiterere yacyo mu gihe cy'imitwaro ihindagurika. Hamwe na hamwe, bigize ishingiro ryo gusuzuma uburyo irakira iyo ishaje.
Ibikoresho byo gupima: Igipimo cy'ubukomere bwa Mohs (Uburyo bwo guscratch), Igipimo cy'ubukomere bwa Shore (Uburyo bwo gusubira inyuma)
Igipimo ngenderwaho cyo gushyira mu bikorwa: GB/T 20428-2006 “Uburyo bwo gupima amabuye karemano – Ikizamini cyo gukomera ku nkombe”
Ingano yo Kwemererwa: Ubukomere bwa Mohs ≥ 6, Ubukomere bw'Inkombe ≥ HS70
Ibisobanuro by'isano: Agaciro k'ubukomere gafitanye isano ryiza no kudashira. Ubukomere bwa Mohs bwa 6 cyangwa irenga butuma ubuso bw'igice budashobora gushwanyagurika bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi, mu gihe ubukomere bw'inkombe bwujuje ubuziranenge butuma imiterere y'ikintu ikomera mu gihe cy'uburemere bw'ibintu. Ikizamini cy'ubucucike n'uburyo amazi anyobwa
Ubucucike n'uburyo amazi yinjizwamo ni ibipimo by'ingenzi mu gusuzuma ubucucike bwa granite n'uburyo idashobora kwinjiramo. Ibikoresho bifite ubucucike bwinshi akenshi bigira imyenge mike. Ubucucike buke bw'amazi bubuza neza kwinjira kw'ubushuhe n'ibintu byangiza, bigatuma biramba cyane.
Ibikoresho byo gupima: Ingano y'ikoranabuhanga, ifuru yumisha ifuru, icyuma gipima ubucucike
Igipimo ngenderwaho cyo gushyira mu bikorwa: GB/T 9966.3 “Uburyo bwo gupima amabuye karemano – Igice cya 3: Kwinjira amazi, Ubucucike bw’amazi menshi, Ubucucike bw’amazi nyabwo, n’ibizamini by’ubucucike bw’amazi nyabwo”
Ingano yujuje ibisabwa: Ubucucike bw'amazi ≥ 2.55 g/cm³, amazi anyurwa ≤ 0.6%
Ingaruka zo Kuramba: Iyo ubucucike bwa ≥ 2.55 g/cm³ kandi amazi akayakura ≤ 0.6%, ubushobozi bw'ibuye bwo kudakomera no gushonga kw'amazi n'umunyu burushaho kwiyongera, bigabanya ibyago byo kwangirika nk'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kwangirika kw'icyuma.
Ikizamini cyo Guhagarara k'Ubushyuhe
Ikizamini cyo guhagarara k'ubushyuhe cyigana ihindagurika rikomeye ry'ubushyuhe kugira ngo harebwe uburyo ibice bya granite bihagaze neza n'uburyo bidashobora guhagarara neza mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe. Igipimo cyo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe ni igipimo cy'ingenzi cy'isuzuma. Ibikoresho byo gupima: Icyumba cyo gusiganwa ku magare kiri hejuru n'aho kiri hasi, Interferometer ya Laser
Uburyo bwo Gupima: Ingendo 10 z'ubushyuhe kuva kuri -40°C kugeza kuri 80°C, buri ngendo imara amasaha 2
Igipimo cy'icyitegererezo: Ingano y'ubushyuhe igenzurwa muri 5.5×10⁻⁶/K ± 0.5
Akamaro ka tekiniki: Iyi coefficient ibuza gukura kwa microcrack bitewe no kwibumbira mu bice bihura n'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe bw'ibihe cyangwa ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe bw'umunsi, bigatuma iba nziza cyane mu gushyira hanze cyangwa ahantu hakorerwa ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Ikizamini cyo kurwanya ubukonje n'umunyu: Iki kizamini cyo kurwanya ubukonje n'umunyu gisuzuma uburyo ibuye ridashobora kwangirika bitewe n'imihindukire y'ubukonje n'umunyu, cyagenewe gukoreshwa mu turere dukonje n'utwo mu mazi. Ikizamini cyo kurwanya ubukonje (EN 1469):
Imiterere y'icyitegererezo: Ingero z'amabuye zuzuyemo amazi
Uburyo bwo gusiganwa ku magare: Bika muri firigo kuri -15°C mu gihe cy'amasaha 4, hanyuma ubishongeshe mu mazi afite ubushyuhe bwa 20°C mu gihe cy'amasaha 48, byose hamwe bikaba ibyumweru 48.
Ibipimo by'ibizamini: Kugabanuka k'umubyimba ≤ 0.5%, kugabanuka kw'imbaraga zo kugorora ≤ 20%
Ikizamini cyo gupima umunyu (EN 12370):
Urugero rufatika: Ibuye rifite imyenge rifite igipimo cyo kwinjiza amazi kirenze 3%
Uburyo bwo gupima: Ingano 15 zo kwibiza mu gisubizo cya 10% cya Na₂SO₄ hanyuma hagakurikiraho kumisha
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma: Nta gushwanyagurika cyangwa gucikagurika, nta kwangirika kw'imiterere y'umubiri hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi
Ingamba zo Guhuza Igerageza: Ku bice bikonje byo ku nkombe bifite igihu cy’umunyu, hakenewe isuzuma rya "condensate-fold-cold" n’isuzuma rya "crystallization". Ku bice byumye byo mu gihugu, ni byo byonyine bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo bitange ubukonje, ariko amabuye afite igipimo cyo kwinjiza amazi kirenze 3% agomba no gupimwa "crystallization" y’umunyu.
3, Gukurikiza amategeko n'impamyabushobozi isanzwe
Gukurikiza amategeko n'iyemezo ry'ibice bya granite ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu kwemeza ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa, umutekano, no kugera ku isoko. Bigomba kubahiriza icyarimwe ibisabwa mu gihugu, amabwiriza mpuzamahanga y'isoko, n'amahame ngenderwaho y'imicungire y'ubuziranenge bw'inganda. Ibi bikurikira bisobanura ibi bisabwa mu buryo butatu: sisitemu y'ubuziranenge mu gihugu, guhuza amahame mpuzamahanga, na sisitemu yo kwemeza umutekano.
Sisitemu Isanzwe yo mu Gihugu
Gutunganya no kwakira ibice bya granite mu Bushinwa bigomba gukurikiza amahame abiri y'ingenzi: GB/T 18601-2024 “Imbaho zo kubaka za Granite karemano” na GB 6566 “Imbibi za Radionuclides mu bikoresho by'ubwubatsi.” GB/T 18601-2024, amahame mashya yo ku rwego rw'igihugu asimbuye GB/T 18601-2009, akoreshwa mu gukora, gukwirakwiza no kwakira amapane akoreshwa mu mishinga yo gushushanya inyubako hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gufatanya bufatana. Amakuru y'ingenzi arimo:
Uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro imikorere myiza: Ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa bushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe uko ibintu bikoreshwa, uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro amapaneri afite imiterere yabyo bwakuweho, kandi uburyo bwo guhuza n'uburyo bwo kubaka bwaranogejwe;
Ibisabwa mu mikorere myiza: Ibipimo nko kurwanya ubukonje, kurwanya ingaruka, na coefficient yo kurwanya kunyerera (≥0.5) byongeweho, kandi uburyo bwo gusesengura amabuye n'amabuye y'agaciro bwakuweho, hibandwa cyane ku mikorere y'ubuhanga ifatika;
Ibipimo by’ibizamini binonosoye: Abakora mu nganda, amasosiyete y’ubwubatsi, n’ibigo bipima bahabwa uburyo bwo gupima hamwe n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’isuzuma.
Ku bijyanye n'umutekano w'imirasire, GB 6566 itegeka ko ibice bya granite bigira igipimo cy'imirasire y'imbere (IRa) ≤ 1.0 n'igipimo cy'imirasire yo hanze (Iγ) ≤ 1.3, bigamije kwemeza ko ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi bitabangamira ubuzima bw'abantu.
Ibice bya granite byoherezwa mu mahanga bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa mu karere by’isoko ryihariye. ASTM C1528/C1528M-20e1 na EN 1469 ni byo bipimo ngenderwaho ku masoko ya Amerika y’Amajyaruguru n’ay’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, uko bikurikirana.
ASTM C1528/C1528M-20e1 (Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika rishinzwe ibizamini n’ibikoresho): Ikora nk'ubuyobozi bw’inganda mu guhitamo amabuye y’ingano, ivuga ku mahame menshi ajyanye nayo, arimo ASTM C119 (Ibisobanuro Bisanzwe ku Mabuye y’Ingano) na ASTM C170 (Isuzuma ry’Imbaraga Zikomeye). Ibi biha abubatsi n’abafatanyabikorwa urwego rwuzuye rwa tekiniki kuva ku guhitamo igishushanyo mbonera kugeza ku gushyiraho no kwemerwa, bishimangira ko ikoreshwa ry’amabuye rigomba kubahiriza amategeko y’inyubako zo mu gace.
EN 1469 (Ibipimo ngenderwaho bya EU): Ku bicuruzwa by'amabuye byoherezwa mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, iyi ngingo ikoreshwa nk'ishingiro ry'impamyabushobozi ya CE, isaba ko ibicuruzwa bigomba gushyirwaho ikimenyetso gihoraho cy'umubare ngenderwaho, urwego rw'imikorere (urugero, A1 ku buso bwo hanze), igihugu byaturutsemo, n'amakuru y'uruganda. Ivugurura riheruka rikomeza gushimangira igeragezwa ry'umutungo kamere, harimo imbaraga zo kuzunguruka ≥8MPa, imbaraga zo gukanda ≥50MPa, no kurwanya ubukonje. Isaba kandi abakora gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura umusaruro w'uruganda (FPC) bukubiyemo igenzura ry'ibikoresho fatizo, igenzura ry'imikorere y'umusaruro, n'igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa byarangiye.
Sisitemu yo kwemeza umutekano
Icyemezo cy’umutekano ku bice bya granite gitandukanywa hashingiwe ku buryo bwo kubikoresha, cyane cyane gikubiyemo icyemezo cy’umutekano w’ibiribwa hamwe n’icyemezo cy’uburyo bwo gucunga ubuziranenge.
Gusaba ko ibiryo bifatwa n'ibiryo: Icyemezo cya FDA kirakenewe, cyibanda ku gupima uburyo amabuye yimuka mu gihe cyo gukora ibiryo kugira ngo harebwe ko irekurwa ry'ibyuma biremereye n'ibintu byangiza ibiribwa rihuye n'ibipimo by'umutekano w'ibiryo.
Imicungire Rusange y'Ubuziranenge: Icyemezo cya sisitemu yo gucunga ubuziranenge ya ISO 9001 ni ngombwa mu nganda. Ibigo nka Jiaxiang Xulei Stone na Jinchao Stone byageze kuri iki cyemezo, bishyiraho uburyo busesuye bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge kuva ku gucukura ibikoresho bikomeye kugeza ku kwemerwa kw'ibicuruzwa. Ingero zisanzwe zirimo intambwe 28 zo kugenzura ubuziranenge zashyizwe mu bikorwa mu mushinga wa Country Garden, zigaragaza ibipimo by'ingenzi nko kumenya neza imiterere y'ibipimo, ubugari bw'ubuso, n'imikorere y'imirasire. Inyandiko z'icyemezo zigomba kuba zikubiyemo raporo z'ibizamini by'abandi (nk'isuzuma ry'imirasire n'isuzuma ry'umutungo ufatika) n'inyandiko zo kugenzura umusaruro w'uruganda (nk'inyandiko z'imikorere ya sisitemu ya FPC n'inyandiko zo gukurikirana ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho fatizo), gushyiraho urunigi rwuzuye rwo gukurikirana ubuziranenge.
Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kubahiriza amategeko
Ibicuruzwa byo mu gihugu bigomba kuzuza icyarimwe ibisabwa mu mikorere ya GB/T 18601-2024 hamwe n'imipaka y'imirasire ya GB 6566;
Ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi bigomba kuba bifite icyemezo cya EN 1469 kandi bifite ikirango cya CE n’icyiciro cya A1 cy’imikorere;
Ibigo byemewe na ISO 9001 bigomba kubika nibura imyaka itatu y'inyandiko zo kugenzura umusaruro na raporo z'ibizamini kugira ngo bigenzurwe n'amategeko agenga ibicuruzwa.
Binyuze mu ikoreshwa ry’uburyo buhuriweho bw’ibipimo byinshi, ibice bya granite bishobora kugenzura ubuziranenge mu gihe cyose cy’ubuzima bwabyo, kuva ku musaruro kugeza ku gutangwa, mu gihe byujuje ibisabwa ku masoko yo mu gihugu no mu mahanga.
4. Imicungire y'inyandiko zemewe mu buryo busanzwe
Gucunga inyandiko zemewe ni igipimo cy’ingenzi cyo kugenzura itangwa n’iyubahirizwa ry’ibice bya granite. Binyuze muri sisitemu yo kwandika inyandiko, hashyirwaho uruhererekane rw’ubuziranenge kugira ngo harebwe ko ibintu byose bikurikiranwa kandi byubahirizwa mu gihe cyose cy’ubuzima bw’ibice. Iyi sisitemu yo gucunga ikubiyemo ahanini module eshatu z’ingenzi: inyandiko zemeza ubuziranenge, urutonde rw’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa n’ibipakirwa, na raporo zo kwakira. Buri module igomba kubahiriza cyane amahame y’igihugu n’ibipimo by’inganda kugira ngo habeho sisitemu yo gucunga ifunganye.
Inyandiko z'Icyemezo cy'Ubuziranenge: Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko n'Igenzura ry'Ubushobozi
Inyandiko zemeza ubuziranenge ni ikimenyetso cy'ibanze cy'uko ibice by'ingenzi byujuje ubuziranenge kandi zigomba kuba zuzuye, zitunganye, kandi zikurikiza amahame y'amategeko. Urutonde rw'inyandiko z'ingenzi rurimo:
Icyemezo cy'ibikoresho: Ibi bikubiyemo amakuru y'ibanze nko aho ibikoresho bikozwe mu buryo busanzwe byaturutse, itariki yo gucukura, n'imiterere y'amabuye y'agaciro. Bigomba kuba bihuye n'inomero y'ikintu kugira ngo harebwe ko ibintu byakoreshejwe bikurikirana neza. Mbere yuko ibikoresho bikozwe mu buryo busanzwe biva mu kirombe, hagomba kuba hakozwe igenzura ry'ibirombe, hakagaragazwa uko ibintu byakozwe mu buryo busanzwe n'uko ubuziranenge bwabyo buhagaze kugira ngo habeho igipimo cy'ubuziranenge bw'ibikorerwa mu buryo bukurikira. Raporo z'ibizamini by'abandi zigomba kuba zikubiyemo imiterere ifatika (nk'ubucucike n'amazi akoreshwa), imiterere ya mekanike (imbaraga zo gukanda n'imbaraga zo gukanda), n'ibizamini bya radiyo. Ikigo gipima kigomba kuba gifite impamyabumenyi ya CMA (urugero, ikigo cyizewe nka Beijing Inspection and Quarantine Institute). Inomero isanzwe y'ibizamini igomba kugaragazwa neza muri raporo, urugero, ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya gitutu muri GB/T 9966.1, "Uburyo bwo gupima amabuye karemano - Igice cya 1: Ibizamini bya gitutu nyuma yo kumisha, kuzura amazi, no gukonjesha." Ibizamini bya radiyo bigomba kubahiriza ibisabwa na GB 6566, "Imbibi za Radionuclides mu bikoresho by'ubwubatsi."
Inyandiko zihariye zo kwemeza: Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bigomba kandi gutanga inyandiko zigaragaza ibimenyetso bya CE, harimo raporo y'igeragezwa n'itangazo ry'imikorere y'uruganda (DoP) ritangwa n'ikigo cyabimenyeshejwe. Ibicuruzwa birimo Sisitemu ya 3 bigomba kandi gutanga icyemezo cyo kugenzura umusaruro w'uruganda (FPC) kugira ngo harebwe ko byujuje ibisabwa mu bya tekiniki ku bicuruzwa by'amabuye karemano mu mahame y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi nka EN 1469.
Ibisabwa by'ingenzi: Inyandiko zose zigomba gushyirwaho kashe yemewe n'ikimenyetso cy'ikigo gipima. Kopi zigomba kuba zanditseho "zisa n'iz'umwimerere" kandi zigashyirwaho umukono kandi zemezwa n'umutanga. Igihe cy'ubuziranenge bw'inyandiko kigomba kurenza itariki yo koherezwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko amakuru y'ibizamini yarangira. Urutonde rw'ibicuruzwa n'urutonde rw'ibipakirwa: Igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa neza
Urutonde rw'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa n'urutonde rw'ibipakiye ni ibinyabiziga by'ingenzi bihuza ibisabwa mu gutumiza no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu buryo bw'umubiri, bisaba uburyo bwo kugenzura ibintu butatu kugira ngo harebwe ko ibyo bicuruzwa ari ukuri. Uburyo bwihariye burimo:
Sisitemu Idasanzwe yo Kumenya: Buri gice kigomba kuba gifite ikimenyetso kidahinduka, cyaba ari kode ya QR cyangwa barcode (gushushanya hakoreshejwe laser ni byiza kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika). Iki kimenyetso kirimo amakuru nka moderi y'ibice, nimero y'ibicuruzwa, itsinda ryo kubitunganya, n'umugenzuzi w'ubuziranenge. Mu cyiciro cy'ibikoresho bikozwe mu buryo busanzwe, ibice bigomba gushyirwaho inomero hakurikijwe uko byakurikiranye kandi bigashyirwaho irangi ridashobora gukaraba ku mpande zombi. Uburyo bwo gutwara no gupakira no gupakurura ibintu bugomba gukorwa hakurikijwe uko byakurikiranye kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bivangwa.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura ibintu mu byiciro bitatu: Urwego rwa mbere rw’igenzura (gutumiza ibintu ugereranije n’urutonde) rwemeza ko kode y’ibikoresho, ibisobanuro, n’ingano biri ku rutonde bihuye n’amasezerano yo kugura; urwego rwa kabiri rw’igenzura (urutonde ugereranije n’ibipakiye) rwemeza ko ikimenyetso cy’agasanduku k’ibipakiye gihuye n’ikiranga cyihariye kiri ku rutonde; naho urwego rwa gatatu rw’igenzura (gupakiye ugereranyije n’ibicuruzwa nyabyo) rusaba gupakurura no kugenzura neza, kugereranya ibipimo by’ibicuruzwa nyabyo n’amakuru ari ku rutonde binyuze mu gushakisha kode ya QR/barcode. Ibipimo by’ibipakiye bigomba kubahiriza ibisabwa mu gushyira ikimenyetso, gupakiye, gutwara, no kubika bya GB/T 18601-2024, “Imbaho zo kubaka za Granite karemano.” Menya neza ko imbaraga z’ibikoresho byo gupakiye zijyanye n’uburemere bw’igice kandi wirinde kwangirika kw’imfuruka mu gihe cyo gutwara.
Raporo yo Kwemera: Kwemeza Ibyavuye mu Isuzuma n'Igenamigambi ry'Inshingano
Raporo yo kwemererwa ni inyandiko ya nyuma y’inzira yo kwemererwa. Igomba kwandika mu buryo bwuzuye inzira yo gupima n’ibyavuye mu isuzuma, yujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo ikurikiranwe nk’uko bisabwa na sisitemu yo gucunga ubuziranenge ya ISO 9001. Ibikubiye muri raporo y’ingenzi birimo:
Inyandiko y'amakuru y'ikizamini: Ingano zirambuye z'ikizamini cy'imiterere n'imashini (urugero: ikosa ry'ubugari ≤ 0.02 mm/m, ubukana ≥ 80 HSD), ihindagurika ry'ibipimo by'ubunini (uburebure/ubugari/ubunini ± 0.5 mm), hamwe n'imbonerahamwe z'amakuru y'umwimerere yo gupima aturutse ku bikoresho by'ubuhanga nka laser interferometers na gloss meters (byemewe kugumana ahantu hatatu ha decimal). Ahantu hapimwa hagomba kugenzurwa neza, hafite ubushyuhe bwa 20 ± 2°C n'ubushuhe bwa 40%-60% kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bidukikije bitabangamira ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo. Gukoresha ibintu bidafite ubuziranenge: Ku bintu birengeje ibisabwa bisanzwe (urugero: uburebure bw'ubuso >0.2 mm), aho ikibazo kiri n'ingano bigomba gusobanurwa neza, hamwe na gahunda ikwiye yo gukora (gusubiramo, kugabanya, cyangwa gusiba). Umutanga serivisi agomba gutanga icyemezo cyanditse cyo gukosora mu masaha 48.
Umukono no kubika: Raporo igomba gusinywa no gushyirwaho kashe n'abahagarariye abatanga ibicuruzwa n'abaguzi, igaragaza neza itariki yo kwemererwa n'umusozo (byujuje ibisabwa/bitegereje/byanze). Hari kandi impapuro zigaragaza ubushobozi bwo gupima ibikoresho byo gupima (urugero, raporo y'ubuziranenge bw'igikoresho cyo gupima nk'uko biteganywa na JJG 117-2013 “Granite Slab Calibration Specification”) hamwe n'inyandiko z' “igenzura ritatu” (kwigenzura ubwaryo, igenzura rusange, n'igenzura ryihariye) mu gihe cy'ubwubatsi, bigatuma habaho inyandiko yuzuye y'ubuziranenge.
Uburyo bwo gukurikirana: Inomero ya raporo igomba gukoresha imiterere ya "kode y'umushinga + umwaka + inomero y'uruhererekane" kandi igahuzwa n'ikiranga cyihariye cy'igice. Uburyo bwo gukurikirana inyandiko z'ikoranabuhanga n'izisanzwe bugerwaho binyuze muri sisitemu ya ERP, kandi raporo igomba kubikwa nibura imyaka itanu (cyangwa irenga nk'uko byemejwe mu masezerano). Binyuze mu micungire isanzwe ya sisitemu y'inyandiko yavuzwe haruguru, ubwiza bw'imikorere yose y'ibice bya granite kuva ku bikoresho fatizo kugeza ku bitangwa bushobora kugenzurwa, bigatanga inkunga yizewe y'amakuru yo gushyiraho, kubaka no kubungabunga nyuma yo kugurisha.
5. Gahunda yo gutwara abantu n'ibintu no kugenzura ingaruka
Ibice bya granite biracikagurika cyane kandi bisaba ubushishozi buhanitse, bityo gutwara ibintu bisaba igishushanyo mbonera gihamye no kugenzura ingaruka. Hamwe n'amahame n'amabwiriza y'inganda, gahunda yo gutwara ibintu igomba guhuzwa mu bintu bitatu: guhuza uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kurinda, n'uburyo bwo kohereza ingaruka, kugenzura ubuziranenge kuva ku ruganda kugeza ku kwemerwa.
Guhitamo no kugenzura mbere y'igihe uburyo bwo gutwara abantu
Gahunda zo gutwara abantu zigomba kunozwa hashingiwe ku ntera, imiterere y'ibice, n'ibisabwa mu mushinga. Ku gutwara abantu mu ntera ngufi (ubusanzwe ≤300 km), gutwara abantu mu muhanda ni byo byiza, kuko ubushobozi bwabyo butuma habaho gutwara abantu kuva ku nzu kugera ku nzu kandi bikagabanya igihombo mu nzira. Ku gutwara abantu mu ntera ndende (>300 km), gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi ni byo byiza, bigakoresha uburyo buhamye bwo kugabanya ingaruka z'ingendo ndende. Ku bijyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, gutwara abantu mu buryo bunini ni ngombwa, hagakurikizwa amategeko mpuzamahanga agenga imizigo. Uko byagenda kose, hagomba gukorwa isuzuma mbere yo gutwara abantu kugira ngo harebwe niba uburyo bwo gupakira bukora neza, biganisha ku ngaruka za kilometero 30 ku isaha kugira ngo hamenyekane ko imiterere y'ibintu yangiritse. Gutegura inzira bigomba gukoresha sisitemu ya GIS kugira ngo hirindwe ahantu hatatu hashobora gutera ibyago byinshi: imiyoboro ikomeza ifite imisozi irenga 8°, uduce duto duhindagurika mu buryo bw'isi dufite ubukana bwa ≥6 mu mateka, n'uturere twagize amateka y'ibihe bikomeye by'ikirere (nk'inkubi z'umuyaga n'urubura rwinshi) mu myaka itatu ishize. Ibi bigabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije zo hanze aho inzira ituruka.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko nubwo GB/T 18601-2024 itanga ibisabwa rusange ku "gutwara no kubika" amasafuriya ya granite, ntabwo igaragaza gahunda zirambuye zo gutwara. Kubwibyo, mu mikorere nyayo, hagomba kongerwamo ibisobanuro by'inyongera bya tekiniki hashingiwe ku rwego rw'ubuziranenge bw'igice. Urugero, kuri platformi za granite zo mu cyiciro cya 000 zinoze cyane, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bigomba gukurikiranwa mu gihe cyose cyo gutwara (harimo ubushyuhe bwa 20±2°C n'ubushuhe bwa 50%±5%) kugira ngo hirindwe ko impinduka mu bidukikije zarekura ubukana bw'imbere mu mubiri no guteza ihindagurika ry'ubuziranenge.
Sisitemu yo Kurinda y'Ibyiciro Bitatu n'Ibisobanuro by'Imikorere
Hashingiwe ku miterere y’ibice bya granite, ingamba zo kurinda zigomba kuba zirimo uburyo bwo “gushyiramo buffering-fixing-isolation” bufite ibice bitatu, bukurikiza cyane amahame yo kurinda imitingito ya ASTM C1528. Urukuta rw’imbere rukingira rupfunyitse rwose n’ifuro ry’amapera rifite ubugari bwa mm 20, hibandwa ku kuzenguruka impande z’ibice kugira ngo hirindwe ko ahantu hakakaye hatajyamo ipaki yo hanze. Urukuta rwo hagati rukingira rwuzuyemo imbaho za foam za EPS zifite ubucucike bwa ≥30 kg / m³, zifata ingufu zo guhindagura mu gutwara binyuze mu guhindura imiterere. Icyuho kiri hagati y’ifuro n’ubuso bw’ibice kigomba kugenzurwa kugeza kuri mm ≤5 kugira ngo hirindwe kwimuka no gushwanyagurika mu gihe cyo gutwara. Urukuta rw’inyuma rukingira rufatanywe inkingi ikomeye y’ibiti (cyane cyane pinusi cyangwa fir) ifite igice cyayo kitari munsi ya mm 50 × 80. Udukingirizo tw’icyuma n’amaboliti bishyigikira ko ibice biri mu rukuta bikomera kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibice biri mu rukuta bihinduka.
Mu bijyanye n'imikorere, ihame ryo "gufata neza" rigomba kubahirizwa cyane. Ibikoresho byo gupakira no gupakurura bigomba gushyirwaho imiyoboro ya rubber, umubare w'ibice bizamurwa icyarimwe ntugomba kurenza bibiri, kandi uburebure bw'ibice bigomba kuba ≤1.5 m kugira ngo hirindwe igitutu gikomeye gishobora gutera uduce duto tw'ibice. Ibice byujuje ibisabwa bikorerwa uburinzi bw'ubuso mbere yo koherezwa: gutera umuti urinda silane (ubujyakuzimu bw'ubwinjirire ≥2 mm) no gupfuka agapapuro ka PE kugira ngo hirindwe amavuta, ivumbi, n'amazi y'imvura mu gihe cyo gutwara. Kurinda Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kugenzura
Uburinzi bw'imfuruka: Ahantu hose h'iburyo hagomba gushyirwaho ibikingira mfuruka bya 5mm by'ubugari bwa rubber kandi bigahambirwa n'imigozi ya nylon.
Imbaraga z'urubaho: Urubaho rw'ibiti rugomba gutsinda ikizamini cy'umuvuduko udahinduka w'inshuro 1.2 z'umutwaro ugenwe kugira ngo harebwe ko rwahindutse.
Ibirango by'ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe: Ikarita yerekana ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe (iherereye hagati ya -20°C na 60°C, 0% kugeza 100% RH) igomba gushyirwa inyuma y'ipaki kugira ngo ikurikirane impinduka mu bidukikije mu gihe nyacyo.
Uburyo bwo kohereza ingaruka no gukurikirana ibikorwa byose
Kugira ngo hakemurwe ibyago bitunguranye, hakenewe uburyo bubiri bwo gukumira no kugenzura ingaruka buvangavanze "ubwishingizi + igenzura". Ubwishingizi bw'imizigo bwuzuye bugomba gutoranywa bufite ubwishingizi butarenze 110% by'agaciro nyakuri k'imizigo. Ubwishingizi bw'ibanze bukubiyemo: kwangirika kw'umubiri guterwa no kugongana cyangwa kugwa kw'ikinyabiziga gitwara abantu; kwangirika kw'amazi guterwa n'imvura nyinshi cyangwa umwuzure; impanuka nk'inkongi y'umuriro n'iturika mu gihe cyo gutwara; no kugwa ku bw'impanuka mu gihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura. Ku bice bifite agaciro gakomeye (bifite agaciro karenga 500.000 yuan kuri seti), turasaba kongeramo serivisi zo kugenzura ubwikorezi za SGS. Iyi serivisi ikoresha uburyo bwo gushyira GPS mu mwanya wayo mu gihe nyacyo (ubuziranenge ≤ metero 10) n'ibikoresho by'ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe (igihe cyo gupima amakuru iminota 15) kugira ngo hakorwe igitabo cy'ikoranabuhanga. Ibihe bidasanzwe bihita bitera amakuru, bigatuma habaho gukurikirana ibintu mu buryo bwose bwo gutwara abantu.
Hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo bwo kugenzura no kugenzura ibintu mu nzego zitandukanye ku rwego rw'ubuyobozi: Mbere yo gutwara abantu, ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge rizagenzura neza niba ibyo bapakira ari ukuri kandi risinya "Inyandiko yo Gusohora Ubwikorezi." Mu gihe cyo gutwara abantu, abakozi bashinzwe kubaherekeza bazakora igenzura rireba buri masaha abiri kandi bandika igenzura. Iyo uhageze, uwakira ibicuruzwa agomba guhita abika ibicuruzwa no kubigenzura. Ibyangiritse byose nk'imivuniko cyangwa impande zacitse bigomba kwangwa, bigakuraho imyumvire yo "gukoresha mbere, gusana nyuma". Binyuze muri gahunda yo gukumira no kugenzura ibintu mu buryo butatu ihuza "uburinzi bwa tekiniki + kohereza ubwishingizi + inshingano zo gucunga," igipimo cy'ibyangiritse ku mitwaro yo gutwara ibintu gishobora kugezwa munsi ya 0.3%, kiri munsi cyane y'impuzandengo y'inganda ya 1.2%. Ni ngombwa cyane gushimangira ko ihame ry'ingenzi ryo "kurinda cyane impanuka" rigomba kubahirizwa mu gihe cyose cyo gutwara no gupakira no gupakurura ibintu. Ibice byombi bito n'ibice byarangiye bigomba gushyirwa hamwe mu buryo bukurikije icyiciro n'ibisobanuro, uburebure bw'ibice butarenze ibice bitatu. Ibice by'ibiti bigomba gukoreshwa hagati y'ibice kugira ngo hirindwe kwanduzwa n'ibice. Iki gisabwa cyuzuza ingingo z’ingenzi zigenga “ubwikorezi n’ububiko” muri GB/T 18601-2024, kandi hamwe niho hashingiwe ku ireme ry’ubwiza mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho bya granite.
6. Incamake y'akamaro k'inzira yo kwakira
Gutanga no kwakira ibice bya granite ni intambwe ikomeye mu kwemeza ubuziranenge bw'umushinga. Nk'umurongo wa mbere w'uburinzi mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'umushinga w'ubwubatsi, isuzuma ryayo ry'ibipimo byinshi n'igenzura ryuzuye bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mutekano w'umushinga, ubukungu bunoze, no kugera ku isoko. Kubwibyo, hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bushingiye ku nzego eshatu: ikoranabuhanga, kubahiriza amategeko, n'ubukungu.
Urwego rwa Tekiniki: Igenzura ry’Uburyo Bubiri bw’Ubuziranenge n’Isura
Ishingiro ry'urwego rwa tekiniki riri mu kwemeza ko ibice byujuje ibisabwa mu buryo bunoze bw'igishushanyo binyuze mu kugenzura neza imiterere y'isura no gusuzuma imikorere. Kugenzura imiterere bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu gihe cyose cy'igikorwa, kuva ku bikoresho bito kugeza ku bicuruzwa byarangiye. Urugero, uburyo bwo kugenzura itandukaniro ry'amabara bw' "amahitamo abiri ku bikoresho bito, guhitamo rimwe ku bikoresho bya plate, n'amahitamo ane yo gushyiraho no gushyira imibare ku plate", hamwe n'ikigo cy'igenamiterere kidatanga urumuri kugira ngo hagerwe ku mpinduka isanzwe hagati y'amabara n'imiterere, bityo hirindwe gutinda k'ubwubatsi guterwa n'itandukaniro ry'amabara. (Urugero, umushinga umwe watinze hafi ibyumweru bibiri kubera kudakurikirana itandukaniro ry'amabara neza.) Isuzuma ry'imikorere ryibanda ku bimenyetso bifatika no ku buryo bwo gukora neza. Urugero, imashini za BRETON zikoresha uburyo bwo gusya no gusiga neza zikoreshwa mu kugenzura ihinduka ry'ubugari kugeza kuri <0.2mm, mu gihe imashini zikata ibiraro bya infrared zemeza ko uburebure n'ubugari bihinduka <0.5mm. Ubuhanga bwo gukora neza busaba no kwihanganira ubugari buto bwa ≤0.02mm / m, bisaba kugenzura byimbitse hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byihariye nka metero zipima ubugari na caliper za vernier.
Kuyubahiriza amategeko: Ingano zo kugera ku isoko ku cyemezo gisanzwe
Kuzuza ibisabwa ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibicuruzwa byinjire mu masoko yo mu gihugu no mu mahanga, bisaba kubahiriza icyarimwe amahame y’ibanze yo mu gihugu ndetse na sisitemu mpuzamahanga zo kwemeza ibicuruzwa. Mu gihugu, kubahiriza ibisabwa na GB/T 18601-2024 ku mbaraga zo gukanda no gukomera kw’ingufu ni ingenzi. Urugero, ku nyubako ndende cyangwa mu turere dukonje, hakenewe isuzuma ryinshi ryo kurwanya ubukonje n’imbaraga z’imigozi ya sima. Ku isoko mpuzamahanga, icyemezo cya CE ni ingenzi mu kohereza ibicuruzwa mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi bisaba gutsinda ikizamini cya EN 1469. Sisitemu mpuzamahanga y’ubuziranenge ya ISO 9001, binyuze mu "sisitemu yayo yo kugenzura ibintu bitatu" (kwigenzura ubwabyo, kugenzurana, no kugenzura byihariye) no kugenzura ibikorwa, bitanga icyizere cyuzuye cyo kugenzura ubuziranenge kuva ku kugura ibikoresho fatizo kugeza ku kohereza ibicuruzwa byarangiye. Urugero, Jiaxiang Xulei Stone yageze ku gipimo cy’ibicuruzwa cya 99.8% ku rwego rwo hejuru mu nganda na 98.6% ku gipimo cyo kunyurwa kw’abakiriya binyuze muri iyi sisitemu.
Ibijyanye n'Ubukungu: Kuringaniza Igenzura ry'Ibiciro n'Ibyiza by'Igihe Kirekire
Agaciro k'ubukungu k'uburyo bwo kwakira ibintu gashingiye ku nyungu ebyiri zo kugabanya ibyago by'igihe gito no kunoza ikiguzi mu gihe kirekire. Amakuru agaragaza ko ikiguzi cyo kuvugurura ibintu bitewe no kwemerwa nabi gishobora kuba 15% by'ikiguzi cyose cy'umushinga, mu gihe ikiguzi cyo gusana nyuma bitewe n'ibibazo nk'imyanya itagaragara n'impinduka z'amabara gishobora kuba kinini kurushaho. Ku rundi ruhande, kwemerwa cyane bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga nyuma ho 30% no kwirinda gutinda kw'umushinga guterwa n'inenge z'ibikoresho. (Urugero, mu mushinga umwe, imyanya yatewe no kwemerwa nabi byatumye ikiguzi cyo gusana kirenga ingengo y'imari ya mbere ho miliyoni 2 z'amayuan.) Isosiyete y'ibikoresho by'amabuye yageze ku gipimo cya 100% cyo kwemerwa kw'umushinga binyuze mu "nzira yo kugenzura ubuziranenge ku nzego esheshatu," bigatuma abakiriya bagura 92.3%, bigaragaza ingaruka zitaziguye zo kugenzura ubuziranenge ku guhangana kw'isoko.
Ihame ry'ingenzi: Uburyo bwo kwakira bugomba gushyira mu bikorwa filozofiya ya ISO 9001 "gukomeza kunoza". Uburyo bwo "kwemera no kunoza ibitekerezo" burasabwa. Amakuru y'ingenzi nko kugenzura itandukaniro ry'amabara no guhindagurika kw'ubugari bigomba gusuzumwa buri gihembwe kugira ngo habeho kunoza amahame yo guhitamo n'ibikoresho byo kugenzura. Isesengura ry'impamvu nyamukuru rigomba gukorwa ku manza zo kuvugurura, kandi "Ibisobanuro byo Kugenzura Ibicuruzwa Bidahuye" bigomba kuvugururwa. Urugero, binyuze mu isuzuma ry'amakuru rya buri gihembwe, ikigo kimwe cyagabanyije igipimo cyo kwakira inzira yo gusya no gusiga irangi kuva kuri 3.2% kugera kuri 0.8%, bigabanya amafaranga arenga miliyoni 5 z'amayuan mu ikoreshwa ry'ibikorwa byo kubungabunga buri mwaka.
Binyuze mu guhuza ikoranabuhanga, kubahiriza amategeko, n'ubukungu mu buryo butatu, kwakira ibice bya granite mu gutanga umusaruro si ahantu ho kugenzura ubuziranenge gusa, ahubwo ni n'intambwe y'ingenzi mu guteza imbere ubuziranenge bw'inganda no kunoza ipiganwa ry'ibigo. Guhuza uburyo bwo kwakira mu buryo bwose bw'uruhererekane rw'inganda ni byo byonyine bishobora kugerwaho mu guhuza ubuziranenge bw'imishinga, uburyo bwo kubona isoko, n'inyungu z'ubukungu.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 15 Nzeri 2025