Mu isi y’ubuhanga buhanitse bwo gukora ibintu neza, aho ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bupimirwa muri mikoroni kandi ubushobozi bwo kubisubiramo ntibushobora kuganirwaho, ikintu kimwe cy’ibanze gikunze kutamenyekana - kugeza igihe kinaniranye. Icyo kintu ni ubuso bw’ibanze aho ibipimo byose bitangirira. Waba ubyita plaque y’injeniyeri, ubuso bwa granite, cyangwa datum y’ibanze y’iduka ryawe, uruhare rwabyo ntirushobora gusimburwa. Nyamara ibikoresho byinshi bibwira ko iyo bimaze gushyirwaho, ubu buso bukomeza kuba ubwizerwa ubuziraherezo. Mu by’ukuri? Nta kwitabwaho neza no gusubirwamo buri gihe.gupima ameza ya granite, ndetse n'icyitegererezo cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru gishobora kunyerera—kigatuma buri gipimo cyose cyafashweho kigabanuka bucece.
Iki kibazo kiba ingenzi cyane iyo gihujwe n'ibikoresho bipima bya tekiniki bigezweho muri iki gihe—ibipimo by'uburebure, ibimenyetso by'ubusa, ibipimo by'amajwi, n'imashini zipima (CMMs). Ibi bikoresho ni byiza gusa nk'ubuso byerekezaho. Ishusho y'ubusa ikoreshwa mu gupima mu buryo bwa micron mu cyuma kidakoreshwa mu gupima ishobora kugwa mu nzira z'ibinyoma, mu bisigazwa bitunguranye, cyangwa se ikagwa mu bintu by'ingenzi mu nshingano. None se, inganda zikomeye zikora zite kwemeza ko ishingiro ryazo ry'ubuziranenge riguma ari iry'ukuri? Kandi ni iki wagombye kumenya mbere yo guhitamo cyangwa gukomeza amahame yawe bwite?
Reka dutangire n'amagambo. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ijambo "injeniyeri plate" rikunze gukoreshwa mu gusobanura plaque y'ubuso bw'ubutaka ikozwe mu buryo bunoze—yakozwe mu byuma bishongeshejwe, ariko mu gihe kirenga mirongo itanu, yakozwe cyane mu mabuye y'umukara mu buryo bw'umwuga. Mu Burayi no ku masoko ashingiye kuri ISO, ikunze kwitwa "plaque y'ubuso" cyangwa "plaque y'icyitegererezo," ariko imikorere yayo iracyari imwe: gutanga urwego ruhamye, rugororotse aho ibipimo byose by'umurongo n'impande byemezwa. Nubwo plaque z'icyuma bishongeshejwe bikiriho mu miterere ya kera, ibidukikije bya none bifite imiterere ihanitse byahindutse cyane bijya kuri granite bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwayo buhamye, kurwanya ingese, no gukomera kwayo mu buryo burambye.
Ibyiza bya granite si ibyo mu buryo bw'imitekerereze gusa. Kubera ko ubushyuhe bungana na kimwe cya gatatu cy'icyuma, icyuma cyiza cya granite gihinduka buhoro mu gihe cy'ihindagurika risanzwe ry'ubushyuhe. Ntigiterwa ingese, ntigikenera amavuta, kandi imiterere yacyo ikomeye ya crystalline igabanya ubwinshi bw'imirasire—ni ngombwa cyane iyo gikoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyikoresha.ibikoresho byo gupima bya mekanikenk'ibipimo by'ibizamini bya lever-type cyangwa ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Byongeye kandi, bitandukanye n'icyuma gishongeshejwe, gishobora gutera imihangayiko y'imbere iturutse ku gukora cyangwa ingaruka, granite ni isotropic kandi monolithic, bivuze ko ikora kimwe mu byerekezo byose iyo iremereye.
Ariko dore ikibazo: ndetse na granite ntabwo ipfa. Uko igihe kigenda gihita, kuyikoresha kenshi—cyane cyane iyo ikoresheje ibikoresho bikomeye, ibipimo by'ingufu, cyangwa ibikoresho byoroshye—ishobora kwangirika ahantu hasanzwe. Ibice biremereye bishyirwa hanze bishobora gutuma ibintu bigwa nabi mu gihe ingingo zo kuyishyigikira zidakozwe neza. Ibyanduza ibidukikije nk'ibisigazwa by'amakorano cyangwa utubumbe tw'icyuma bishobora kwinjira mu myenge mito, bigatera ubugari. Kandi nubwo granite idahinduka nk'icyuma, ishobora kwegeranya ibintu bidafite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu. Aha niho gupima ameza ya granite biba atari ngombwa, ahubwo ni ngombwa.
Gupima si icyemezo cy'ibara rya kashe gusa. Gupima ameza ya granite nyayo bikubiyemo gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima ubuso bwose hakoreshejwe interferometry, urwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, cyangwa tekiniki za autocollimation, hakurikijwe amabwiriza nka ASME B89.3.7 cyangwa ISO 8512-2. Ibisubizo ni ikarita irambuye yerekana ihinduka ry'ibara kuva hejuru kugera ku kibaya, hamwe n'inyandiko igaragaza ko bikurikiza urwego runaka (urugero, Icyiciro cya 00, 0, cyangwa 1). Laboratwari zizwi ntizivuga gusa ngo "ni ndende" - zikwereka aho bitandukaniye n'ingano yabyo. Aya makuru ni ingenzi ku nganda zikomeye nko mu kirere, mu gukora ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, cyangwa mu gupima ibikoresho bya semiconductor, aho gukurikirana ibipimo bya NIST cyangwa ibipimo bingana nabyo by'igihugu ari ngombwa.
Muri ZHHIMG, twakoranye n'abakiriya bakekaga ko isahani yabo ya granite y'imyaka 10 "ikiri nziza" kuko yasaga neza kandi itunganye. Nyuma y'uko CMM idahuye neza yatumye bongera gupima neza, ni bwo babonye ahantu hanini hagera kuri mikoroni 12 hafi y'imfuruka imwe - hahagije kugira ngo hatabaho uburebure bwa santimetero 0.0005. Gukosora ntibyari gusimbura; byari ugusubiramo no kongera gupima. Ariko iyo hatabaho gupima ameza ya granite, iryo kosa ryari gukomeza, rigatuma amakuru y'ubuziranenge arushaho kuba meza.
Ibi bidushyira ku rusobe rwagutse rw'ibinyabuzimaibikoresho byo gupima bya mekanikeIbikoresho nk'imirongo ya sine, imiyoboro ingana neza, imiyoboro ya V, n'imirongo ipima dial byose byishingikiriza ku ibara ry'injeniyeri nk'aho ari zeru. Iyo iyo referensi ihindutse, uruhererekane rwose rw'ibipimo rurangirika. Tekereza nko kubaka inzu ku butaka bugenda buhinduka—inkuta zishobora kugaragara nk'izigororotse, ariko urufatiro rufite inenge. Niyo mpamvu laboratwari zemewe na ISO/IEC 17025 zitegeka ko habaho igihe gihoraho cyo gupima ku bipimo byose by'ibanze, harimo n'imirongo yo hejuru. Uburyo bwiza bwo gupima buri mwaka ku miyoboro ya Grade 0 ikoreshwa, ndetse no ku myaka ibiri ku bidukikije bidasaba imbaraga nyinshi—ariko imiterere yawe y'ibyago igomba kugena gahunda yawe.
Mu gihe uhitamo plaque nshya y'inzobere, reba kure y'igiciro. Emeza aho granite ikomoka (ifite ibara ryoroheje, umukara, igabanya stress), yemeza ko ifite ibara ryoroheje ukoresheje icyemezo nyacyo—ntabwo ari ibirego byo kwamamaza—kandi urebe neza ko umucuruzi atanga ubuyobozi busobanutse ku bijyanye no kuyishyigikira, kuyifata no kuyibungabunga. Urugero, plaque ya 48″ x 96″ isaba inkunga y'ingingo eshatu cyangwa nyinshi ahantu nyaburanga kugira ngo hirindwe ko yahinduka. Kuyishyiraho urufunguzo bishobora kutayica, ariko bishobora gukata impande cyangwa bigatuma habaho ahantu hanini hagira ingaruka ku mitsi y'urukuta.
Kandi ibuka: gupima ntabwo ari ugukurikiza amategeko gusa—ni ukugira icyizere. Iyo umugenzuzi akubajije ati “Ni gute wemeza ko ubuso bw’igenzura ryawe bushobora kwihanganira?” igisubizo cyawe kigomba kuba kirimo raporo iheruka, ishobora gukurikizwa yo gupima ameza ya granite hamwe n’amakarita yo kunyuramo. Iyo bitabaye ibyo, sisitemu yawe yose yo gucunga ubuziranenge ibura inkingi y’ingenzi.
Muri ZHHIMG, twizera ko gukora neza bitangira kuva hasi kugeza ku rundi ruhande. Niyo mpamvu dukoresha gusa amahugurwa ahuza ubuhanga gakondo bwo gupima no kugenzura ubuziranenge bugezweho. Buri plaque y'abahanga dutanga igenzurwa mu byiciro bibiri: mbere na mbere n'uruganda rukoresha uburyo bukurikije ASME, hanyuma n'itsinda ryacu rishinzwe imbere mu rugo mbere yo kohereza. Dutanga inyandiko zuzuye, inkunga yo gushyiraho, no guhuza ibikorwa byo kongera gupima kugira ngo ishoramari ryawe ritange serivisi yizewe mu myaka myinshi ishize.
Kuko amaherezo, ubumetero ntabwo ari ibikoresho—ni ukuri. Kandi ukuri gukeneye ahantu hahamye ho guhagarara. Waba urimo ushyira turbine mu mwanya wayo, ugenzura ishingiro ry'ibumba, cyangwa upima uburebure bw'ibipimo, ibikoresho byawe byo gupima bya mekanike bikwiye urufatiro bishobora kwizera. Ntureke ngo ubuso budafite ubuziranenge bube ikintu kidahinduka mu buryo bwihishe mu buziranenge bwawe.
Ibaze rero: ni ryari imashini zawe z’inzobere zaherukaga gupima neza plaque? Niba udashobora gusubiza icyo kibazo neza, igihe gishobora kuba kigeze cyo kugarura urufatiro rwawe mu buryo buboneye. Muri ZHHIMG, turi hano kugufasha—ntabwo ari ukugurisha granite gusa, ahubwo no kurinda ubuziranenge bwa buri gipimo ukora.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-09-2025