Gukora neza ni inzira yo kuvana ibikoresho kumurimo mugihe cyo kwihanganira hafi.Imashini isobanutse ifite ubwoko bwinshi, harimo gusya, guhinduranya no gutunganya amashanyarazi.Imashini itomoye uyumunsi igenzurwa hakoreshejwe mudasobwa igenzura (CNC).
Ibicuruzwa hafi ya byose bikoresha imashini ikora neza, kimwe nibindi bikoresho byinshi nka plastiki nimbaho.Izi mashini zikoreshwa nabakanishi kabuhariwe kandi batojwe.Kugirango igikoresho cyo gukata gikore akazi kacyo, kigomba kwimurwa mu cyerekezo cyagenwe kugirango gikorwe neza.Icyerekezo cyibanze cyitwa "guca umuvuduko."Igicapo gishobora kandi kwimurwa, kizwi nkigikorwa cya kabiri cy "ibiryo."Hamwe na hamwe, uku kugenda hamwe nuburemere bwigikoresho cyo gukata bituma imashini isobanutse ikora.
Gutunganya neza neza bisaba ubushobozi bwo gukurikiza igishushanyo mbonera cyihariye cyakozwe na CAD (igishushanyo mbonera cya mudasobwa) cyangwa CAM (porogaramu ifasha mudasobwa) nka AutoCAD na TurboCAD.Porogaramu irashobora gufasha kubyara ibishushanyo mbonera, 3-bishushanyo mbonera cyangwa urutonde rukenewe kugirango ukore igikoresho, imashini cyangwa ikintu.Igishushanyo mbonera kigomba kubahirizwa nibisobanuro birambuye kugirango ibicuruzwa bigumane ubunyangamugayo.Mugihe ibigo byinshi bitunganya neza bikorana nuburyo bumwe na bumwe bwa gahunda ya CAD / CAM, baracyakora kenshi hamwe nigishushanyo cyashushanijwe nintoki mugice cyambere cyibishushanyo.
Gutunganya neza bikoreshwa mubikoresho byinshi birimo ibyuma, umuringa, grafite, ikirahuri na plastiki kugirango tuvuge bike.Ukurikije ubunini bwumushinga nibikoresho bizakoreshwa, hazakoreshwa ibikoresho bitandukanye byo gutunganya neza.Ihuriro ryose ryimisarani, imashini zisya, imashini zogosha, ibiti na gride, ndetse na robotike yihuta irashobora gukoreshwa.Inganda zo mu kirere zirashobora gukoresha imashini yihuta cyane, mugihe uruganda rukora ibikoresho byimbaho rushobora gukoresha ifoto-chimique no gusya.Kuvunika hanze, cyangwa ingano yihariye yikintu runaka, irashobora kubara mubihumbi, cyangwa kuba bike.Gutunganya neza bisaba gahunda ya progaramu ya CNC bivuze ko igenzurwa numubare.Igikoresho cya CNC cyemerera ibipimo nyabyo gukurikizwa mugukoresha ibicuruzwa.
Gusya nuburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho byo kuzenguruka kugirango ukure ibikoresho kumurimo utera imbere (cyangwa kugaburira) igikata mubikorwa byerekezo runaka.Gukata birashobora kandi gufatwa kumurongo ugereranije nigikoresho cyigikoresho.Gusya bikubiyemo ibikorwa bitandukanye n'imashini zitandukanye, ku munzani kuva ku bice bito kugeza ku bikorwa binini byo gusya by'agatsiko.Nibimwe mubikorwa bikunze gukoreshwa mugutunganya ibice byabigenewe kugirango bihangane neza.
Gusya birashobora gukorwa hamwe nibikoresho byinshi byimashini.Icyiciro cyambere cyibikoresho byimashini zo gusya ni imashini yo gusya (bakunze kwita urusyo).Nyuma yo kugenzura kugenzura imibare ya mudasobwa (CNC), imashini zisya zahindutse ibigo bikora imashini: imashini zisya zongerewe noguhindura ibikoresho byikora, ibinyamakuru byibikoresho cyangwa karuseli, ubushobozi bwa CNC, sisitemu yo gukonjesha, hamwe nuruzitiro.Urusyo rusya rusanzwe rushyirwa mubikorwa byo guhagarikwa (VMCs) cyangwa ibigo bitunganya horizontal (HMCs).
Kwishyira hamwe gusya mubidukikije, naho ubundi, byatangiranye nibikoresho bizima byumusarane hamwe no gukoresha rimwe na rimwe urusyo muguhindura ibikorwa.Ibi byatumye habaho icyiciro gishya cyibikoresho byimashini, imashini nyinshi (MTMs), zubatswe hagamijwe koroshya gusya no guhindukira mu ibahasha imwe.
Kubashakashatsi bashushanya, amatsinda ya R&D, nababikora biterwa nibice bituruka, gutunganya neza CNC bituma habaho gukora ibice bigoye bitunganijwe neza.Mubyukuri, gutunganya neza CNC akenshi bituma bishoboka ko ibice byarangiye bikozwe kumashini imwe.
Igikorwa cyo gutunganya gikuraho ibikoresho kandi kigakoresha ibikoresho byinshi byo gukata kugirango bikore finale, kandi akenshi bigoye cyane, igishushanyo cyigice.Urwego rwibisobanuro rwongerewe imbaraga binyuze mugukoresha mudasobwa igenzura (CNC), ikoreshwa mugutangiza igenzura ryibikoresho byo gutunganya.
Uruhare rwa "CNC" mugutunganya neza
Ukoresheje amabwiriza ya progaramu ya code, gutunganya neza CNC ituma igihangano gikemurwa kandi kigakorwa mubisobanuro bitabaye ngombwa ko umuntu akora imashini.
Gufata icyitegererezo cya mudasobwa (CAD) cyatanzwe numukiriya, umukanishi winzobere akoresha software ikora mudasobwa (CAM) kugirango akore amabwiriza yo gutunganya igice.Ukurikije icyitegererezo cya CAD, software igena inzira zikoreshwa zikenewe kandi ikabyara code ya progaramu ibwira imashini:
■ Niki RPM ikwiye nigipimo cyibiryo
■ Igihe n'aho wimura igikoresho na / cyangwa igihangano
■ Uburyo bwimbitse bwo gutema
■ Igihe cyo gukonjesha
Other Ibindi bintu byose bijyanye n'umuvuduko, igipimo cyo kugaburira, no guhuza ibikorwa
Umugenzuzi wa CNC noneho akoresha code ya progaramu kugirango agenzure, yikora, kandi akurikirane imigendekere yimashini.
Muri iki gihe, CNC ni ibintu byubatswe mu bikoresho bitandukanye, uhereye ku musarani, urusyo, na router kugeza kuri EDM (imashini isohora amashanyarazi), lazeri, n'imashini zikata plasma.Usibye gukoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya no kongera ubusobanuro, CNC ikuraho imirimo yintoki kandi ikabohora abakanishi kugenzura imashini nyinshi zikorera icyarimwe.
Mubyongeyeho, iyo inzira yinzira yamaze gutegurwa kandi imashini igategurwa, irashobora gukoresha igice inshuro iyo ari yo yose.Ibi bitanga urwego rwohejuru rwukuri kandi rusubirwamo, ibyo nabyo bigatuma inzira ihenze cyane kandi nini.
Ibikoresho byakozwe
Ibyuma bimwe bisanzwe bikoreshwa harimo aluminium, umuringa, umuringa, umuringa, ibyuma, titanium, na zinc.Byongeye kandi, ibiti, ifuro, fiberglass, na plastiki nka polypropilene nabyo birashobora gukorwa.
Mubyukuri, hafi y'ibikoresho byose birashobora gukoreshwa hamwe no gutunganya neza CNC - birumvikana, bitewe nibisabwa nibisabwa.
Ibyiza bimwe byo gutunganya neza CNC
Kuri byinshi mubice bito nibigize bikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwibicuruzwa byakozwe, gutunganya neza CNC nuburyo bwo guhimba.
Nkuko arukuri muburyo bwose bwo gukata no gutunganya, ibikoresho bitandukanye bitwara ukundi, kandi ingano nuburyo imiterere yibigize nabyo bigira ingaruka nini mubikorwa.Ariko, muri rusange inzira yo gutunganya neza CNC itanga inyungu kurenza ubundi buryo bwo gutunganya.
Ni ukubera ko imashini ya CNC ishoboye gutanga:
Level Urwego rwo hejuru rwibice bigoye
■ Kwihanganirana gukabije, mubisanzwe kuva kuri ± 0.0002 "(± 0.00508 mm) kugeza ± 0.0005" (± 0.0127 mm)
Surface Ubuso bworoshye burangiye, harimo kurangiza
Gusubiramo, ndetse no ku bwinshi
Mugihe umukanishi kabuhariwe ashobora gukoresha umusarani wintoki kugirango agire igice cyiza mubwinshi bwa 10 cyangwa 100, bigenda bite mugihe ukeneye ibice 1.000?Ibice 10,000?100.000 cyangwa miliyoni?
Hamwe na CNC itunganijwe neza, urashobora kubona ubunini n'umuvuduko ukenewe kuri ubu bwoko bw'umusaruro mwinshi.Mubyongeyeho, isubiramo ryinshi ryimikorere ya CNC iguha ibice byose bisa kimwe kuva utangiye kugeza urangiye, nubwo waba utanga ibice bingahe.
Hariho uburyo bwihariye bwo gutunganya CNC, harimo insinga EDM (imashini isohora amashanyarazi), imashini yongeramo, hamwe no gucapa 3D laser.Kurugero, insinga EDM ikoresha ibikoresho bitwara - mubisanzwe ibyuma-- hamwe n'amashanyarazi asohora kugirango akore igihangano muburyo bukomeye.
Ariko, hano tuzibanda kubikorwa byo gusya no guhindura - uburyo bubiri bwo gukuramo buraboneka cyane kandi bukoreshwa kenshi mugutunganya neza CNC.
Gusya hamwe no guhinduka
Gusya ni uburyo bwo gutunganya bukoresha ibikoresho bizunguruka, bikoresha silindrike yo gukuraho ibikoresho no gukora imiterere.Ibikoresho byo gusya, bizwi nk'urusyo cyangwa ikigo gikora imashini, bigera ku isanzure ry'ibice bigoye bya geometrike kuri bimwe mu bintu binini byakozwe mu cyuma.
Ikintu cyingenzi kiranga urusyo ni uko igihangano gikomeza guhagarara mugihe ibikoresho byo gukata bizunguruka.Muyandi magambo, ku ruganda, igikoresho cyo kuzenguruka kizenguruka hafi yakazi, kiguma gishyizwe mumuriri.
Guhindukira ni inzira yo gukata cyangwa gushushanya igihangano cyibikoresho bita umusarani.Mubisanzwe, umusarani uzunguruka urupapuro rwakazi kumurongo uhagaritse cyangwa utambitse mugihe igikoresho gihamye (gishobora cyangwa kidashobora kuzunguruka) kigenda gikurikirana.
Igikoresho ntigishobora kuzenguruka igice.Ibikoresho bizunguruka, byemerera igikoresho gukora ibikorwa byateguwe..
Muguhindura, bitandukanye no gusya, igihangano kizunguruka.Igice cyimigabane gifungura umusarani wa lathe hanyuma igikoresho cyo gutema kizanwa numurimo wakazi.
Imfashanyigisho na CNC gutunganya
Mugihe urusyo hamwe nubwiherero byombi biboneka muburyo bwintoki, imashini za CNC zirakwiriye cyane kubikorwa byo gukora ibice bito - bitanga ubunini kandi busubirwamo kubisabwa bisaba umusaruro mwinshi mubice byihanganirwa.
Usibye gutanga imashini zoroshye 2-axis aho igikoresho kigenda mumashoka ya X na Z, ibikoresho bya CNC byuzuye birimo moderi nyinshi-axis aho igihangano gishobora no kwimuka.Ibi bitandukanye na lathe aho igihangano kigarukira gusa kuzunguruka kandi ibikoresho bizimuka kugirango habeho geometrie yifuza.
Ibice byinshi-axis iboneza itanga umusaruro wa geometrike igoye mugikorwa kimwe, bidasabye akazi kiyongereye kubakoresha imashini.Ibi ntabwo byoroha gusa kubyara ibice bigoye, ariko kandi bigabanya cyangwa bikuraho amahirwe yikosa ryabakozi.
Byongeye kandi, gukoresha imashini ikonjesha cyane hamwe no gutunganya neza CNC ituma ibyuma bitinjira mubikorwa, kabone niyo byakoresha imashini ifite icyerekezo kizengurutse.
Uruganda rwa CNC
Imashini zitandukanye zo gusya ziratandukanye mubunini bwazo, ibishushanyo mbonera, igipimo cyibiryo, kugabanya umuvuduko, icyerekezo cyo kugaburira, nibindi biranga.
Nyamara, muri rusange, insyo za CNC zose zikoresha uruziga ruzunguruka kugirango zice ibintu udashaka.Zikoreshwa mu guca ibyuma bikomeye nk'ibyuma na titanium ariko birashobora no gukoreshwa hamwe nibikoresho nka plastiki na aluminium.
Uruganda rwa CNC rwubatswe kubisubiramo kandi rushobora gukoreshwa mubintu byose kuva prototyping kugeza kubyara umusaruro mwinshi.Uruganda rwohejuru rwa CNC rukoreshwa kenshi mubikorwa byo kwihanganira cyane nko gusya neza bipfa.
Mugihe urusyo rwa CNC rushobora gutanga ihinduka ryihuse, nkuko urusyo rurangiza rukora ibice bifite ibimenyetso bigaragara.Irashobora kandi gutanga ibice bifite impande zisharira na burrs, bityo inzira zinyongera zirashobora gukenerwa mugihe impande na burrs bitemewe kubyo biranga.
Birumvikana, ibikoresho byo gusiba byateguwe murukurikirane bizatandukana, nubwo mubisanzwe bigera kuri 90% byibisabwa byarangiye cyane, hasigara ibintu bimwe na bimwe kurangiza amaboko.
Kubijyanye no kurangiza hejuru, hari ibikoresho bizatanga umusaruro wuzuye gusa, ariko kandi birasa nindorerwamo imeze nkibice byibicuruzwa byakazi.
Ubwoko bw'urusyo rwa CNC
Ubwoko bubiri bwibanze bwimashini zisya zizwi nkikigo cyoguhindura imashini hamwe na centre yimashini itambitse, aho itandukaniro ryibanze riri mubyerekezo byimashini izunguruka.
Uruganda rukora imashini ni urusyo aho uruziga ruzunguruka mu cyerekezo cya Z-axis.Izi mashini zihagaritse zirashobora kugabanywa muburyo bubiri:
Mill Urusyo rwo kuryama, aho uruziga rugenda rusa nu murongo wacyo mu gihe imbonerahamwe igenda itambukiranya umurongo wa spindle
Urusyo rwa Turret, aho uruziga ruhagaze kandi ameza yimuwe kuburyo ahora ari perpendicular kandi bigereranywa na axe ya spindle mugihe cyo gukata
Hagati ya mashini itambitse, urusyo ruzunguruka ruhuza icyerekezo cya Y-axis.Imiterere itambitse bivuze ko insyo zikunda gufata umwanya munini kumaduka yimashini;muri rusange nazo ziremereye muburemere kandi zikomeye kuruta imashini zihagaritse.
Urusyo rutambitse rukoreshwa kenshi iyo hakenewe ubuso bwiza;ni ukubera ko icyerekezo cya spindle bivuze gukata chip bisanzwe bigwa kandi bigakurwaho byoroshye.(Nka nyungu yongeyeho, gukuraho chip neza bifasha kongera ubuzima bwibikoresho.)
Muri rusange, ibigo bitunganya vertical biriganje cyane kuko birashobora gukomera nkibigo bitunganya horizontal kandi bishobora gukora ibice bito cyane.Mubyongeyeho, ibigo bihagaritse bifite ibirenge bito kuruta gutambuka gutambitse.
Amashanyarazi menshi ya CNC
Uruganda rwa CNC rwuzuye ruraboneka hamwe namashoka menshi.Urusyo rwa 3-axis rukoresha X, Y, na Z amashoka kubikorwa bitandukanye.Hamwe nurusyo rwa 4-axis, imashini irashobora kuzunguruka kumurongo uhagaritse kandi utambitse kandi ikimura igihangano kugirango yemererwe gukomeza gukora.
Urusyo rwa 5-axis rufite amashoka atatu gakondo hamwe ninyongera ebyiri zizunguruka, zifasha igihangano kuzunguruka nkuko umutwe wizunguruka uzenguruka.Ibi bifasha impande eshanu zumurimo gutunganywa udakuyeho igihangano no kugarura imashini.
Umusarani wa CNC
Umusarani - nanone bita guhinduranya ikigo - ufite kimwe cyangwa byinshi bizunguruka, na X na Z amashoka.Imashini ikoreshwa mu kuzenguruka igihangano cyacyo kugirango ikore ibikorwa bitandukanye byo gukata no gushushanya, ikoresha ibikoresho byinshi kumurimo.
Ububiko bwa CNC, nabwo bwitwa ibikorwa byogukoresha ibikoresho bya lathe, nibyiza mugukora ibice bya silindrike cyangwa ibice.Kimwe n'urusyo rwa CNC, umusarani wa CNC urashobora gukora ibikorwa bito nka prototyping ariko birashobora no gushyirwaho kugirango bisubirwemo byinshi, bishyigikira umusaruro mwinshi.
Imisarani ya CNC irashobora kandi gushyirwaho kugirango habeho umusaruro udafite intoki, bigatuma ikoreshwa cyane mumamodoka, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, icyogajuru, robotike, ninganda zikoreshwa mubuvuzi.
Uburyo umusarani wa CNC ukora
Hamwe n'umusarani wa CNC, akabari kambaye ibintu byububiko byapakiwe mumashanyarazi ya spine.Iyi chuck ifata igihangano mu mwanya mugihe kizunguruka.Iyo spindle igeze kumuvuduko ukenewe, igikoresho cyo guca gihagaze kizanwa numurimo wo gukuraho ibikoresho no kugera kuri geometrie ikwiye.
Umusarani wa CNC urashobora gukora ibikorwa byinshi, nko gucukura, gutobora, kurambirana, gusubiramo, kureba, no guhinduranya taper.Ibikorwa bitandukanye bisaba guhindura ibikoresho kandi birashobora kongera igiciro nigihe cyo gushiraho.
Iyo ibikorwa byose bisabwa byo gutunganya birangiye, igice cyaciwe mububiko kugirango gikorwe neza, niba bikenewe.Umusarani wa CNC noneho witeguye gusubiramo ibikorwa, hamwe na bike cyangwa ntamwanya wongeyeho usanzwe usabwa hagati.
Imisarani ya CNC irashobora kandi kwakira ibiryo bitandukanye byikora byikora, bigabanya ingano yimikorere yibikoresho byintoki kandi bigatanga ibyiza nkibi bikurikira:
Kugabanya igihe n'imbaraga zisabwa ukora imashini
Shyigikira ibimera kugirango ugabanye kunyeganyega bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi kuri precision
Emera igikoresho cyimashini gukora kumuvuduko mwiza wa spindle
Kugabanya ibihe byo guhinduka
Kugabanya imyanda
Ubwoko bwa latike ya CNC
Hano hari umubare wubwoko butandukanye bwimisarani, ariko ibisanzwe ni 2-axis ya CNC imisarani hamwe nubushinwa bwuburyo bwikora.
Imisarani myinshi ya CNC y'Ubushinwa ikoresha uruziga rumwe cyangwa ebyiri nyamukuru wongeyeho umugozi umwe cyangwa ibiri inyuma (cyangwa iyakabiri), hamwe no guhinduranya bizunguruka mbere.Spindle nyamukuru ikora ibikorwa byibanze byo gutunganya, hifashishijwe ubuyobozi bushing.
Mubyongeyeho, imisarani imwe yuburyo bwubushinwa iza ifite ibikoresho bya kabiri byumutwe ukora nkurusyo rwa CNC.
Hamwe na CNC yo mu Bushinwa ikora umusarani wikora, ibikoresho byububiko bigaburirwa binyuze mumutwe uzunguruka mu gihuru.Ibi bituma igikoresho cyo guca ibikoresho hafi yikintu gishyigikirwa, bigatuma imashini yUbushinwa igira akamaro cyane kubice birebire, byoroshye byahinduwe ndetse na micromachining.
Multi-axis CNC ihinduranya hamwe nu musarani wubushinwa birashobora gukora ibikorwa byinshi byo gutunganya ukoresheje imashini imwe.Ibi bituma bahitamo ikiguzi cya geometrike igoye ubundi bisaba imashini nyinshi cyangwa guhindura ibikoresho ukoresheje ibikoresho nkurusyo gakondo rwa CNC.